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Part I: Fundamental principles of biaxial stretching
Chapter 1: Fundamentals of biaxial stretching and definitions of terms
Abstract:
1.1 Introduction
1.3 Recommendations
1.4 Conclusions
Chapter 2: Equipment design and requirements of biaxially stretched films
Abstract:
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Double bubble process for biaxial stretching of films
2.3 Tenter process for production of biaxially oriented films
2.4 Recommendations
Chapter 3: Laboratory evaluations of biaxially stretched film
Abstract:
3.1 Introduction
3.2 T.M. Long stretcher for laboratory evaluations
3.3 Karo IV laboratory stretcher from Brückner
3.4 Literature studies involving laboratory stretching equipment
3.5 Recommendations
Chapter 4: Polyolefins used in biaxial stretched films
Abstract:
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Polypropylene
4.3 Use of polyethylene in biaxial stretching
4.4 Conclusions
4.5 Recommendations
Chapter 5: Other polymers used for biaxial films
Abstract:
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
5.3 Polyamides in biaxially oriented films
5.4 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in biaxially stretched films
5.5 Recommendations
Chapter 6: Biaxial film structures
Abstract:
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Film structures based on homopolymer polypropylene
6.3 Recommendations
Chapter 7: Typical industrial processes for the biaxial orientation of films
Abstract:
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Commercial production processes for biaxially oriented films
7.3 Novel technologies currently being developed
7.4 Recommendations
Chapter 8: Post-production processing of biaxially oriented films
Abstract:
8.1 Introduction
8.1 Surface treatment of films
8.3 Conclusions
8.4 Recommendations
Chapter 9: Strain energy function and stressâ?"strain model for uniaxial and biaxial orientation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)
Abstract:
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Experimental
9.3 Stress-strain behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)
9.4 Modeling of the stress-strain behavior - literature review
9.5 Development of a stress-strain model
Chapter 10: Academic investigations of biaxially stretched films
Abstract:
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Literature studies of common commodity polymers
10.3 Biaxial studies of specialty polymers
10.4 Recommendations
Chapter 11: Biaxially stretched polyamide film
Abstract:
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Processing of biaxially oriented polyamide (BOPA)
11.3 BOPA film properties
Part II: Applications of biaxial films
Chapter 12: Fresh-cut produce packaging and the use of biaxial stretched films
Abstract:
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Quality factors determining shelf-life
12.3 Respiration and metabolism
12.4 Package atmosphere modification
12.5 Packaging methods and quality maintenance
12.6 Future trends
12.7Sources of further information and advice
Chapter 13: Biaxial stretched films for use in snack packaging
Abstract:
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Basic principles and methods for snack packaging
13.3 Technologies and techniques
13.4 Advantages and limitations
13.5 Applications
13.6 Future trends
13.7 Sources of further information and advice
Chapter 14: Biaxially stretched films for product labeling
Abstract:
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Labeling systems and technologies
14.3 Label applications
14.4 Label preparation - label design, printing and converting
14.5 Future trends and new developments in labeling and label films
