Preface xiii
Introduction xiv
Part 1: Data: Experiments and Correlation 1. Equilibrium Water Content Measurements for Acid Gas at High Pressures and Temperatures 3
Francis Bernard, Robert A. Marriott, and Binod R. Giri
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Experimental 6
1.3 Recent Results and Modelling 10
1.4 Conclusions 19
References 19
2. Comparative Study on Gas Deviation Factor Calculating Models for CO2 Rich Gas Reservoirs 21
Nan Zhang, Xiao Guo, Qiang Zhang, Rentian Yan, and Yan Ran
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Deviation Factor Correlations 22
2.3 Model Optimization 28
2.4 Conclusions 34
References 35
3. H2S Viscosities and Densities at High-Temperatures and Pressures 37
Binod R. Giri, Robert A. Marriott, and Pierre Blais
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 Experimental 39
3.3 Results and Discussion 41
3.4 Conclusions and Outlook 46
3.5 Acknowledgement 47
References 47
4. Solubility of Methane in Propylene Carbonate 49
Fang-Yuan Jou, Kurt A.G. Schmidt, and Alan E. Mather
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Results and Discussion 50
4.3 Nomenclature 54
4.4 Acknowledgement 54
References 54
Part 2: Process
5. A Holistic Look at Gas Treating Simulation 59
Nathan A. Hatcher, R. Scott Alvis, and Ralph H. Weiland
5.1 Introduction 60
5.2 Clean Versus Dirty Solvents: Heat Stable Salts 61
5.3 Summary 77
6. Controlled Freeze Zone(TM) Commercial Demonstration Plant Advances Technology for the Commercialization of North American Sour Gas Resources 79
R.H. Oelfke, R.D. Denton, and J.A. Valencia
6.1 Introduction - Gas Demand and Sour Gas Challenges 80
6.2 Acid Gas Injection 80
6.3 Controlled Freeze Zone(TM) - Single Step Removal of CO2 and H2S 81
6.4 Development Scenarios Suitable for Utilizing CFZ(TM) Technology 84
6.5 Commercial Demonstration Plant Design & Initial Performance Data 86
6.6 Conclusions and Forward Plans 89
Bibliography 89
7. Acid Gas Dehydration - A DexPro(TM) Technology Update 91
Jim Maddocks, Wayne McKay, and Vaughn Hansen
7.1 Introduction 91
7.2 Necessity of Dehydration 92
7.3 Dehydration Criteria 94
7.4 Acid Gas - Water Phase Behaviour 96
7.5 Conventional Dehydration Methods 99
7.6 Development of DexPro 107
7.7 DexPro Operating Update 112
7.8 DexPro Next Steps 113
7.9 Murphy Tupper - 2012 Update 113
7.10 Acknowledgements 115
8. A Look at Solid CO2 Formation in Several High CO2 Concentration Depressuring Scenarios 117
James van der Lee, John J. Carroll, and Marco Satyro
8.1 Introduction 117
8.2 Methodology 118
8.3 Thermodynamic Property Package Description 118
8.4 Model Confi guration 119
8.5 Results 121
8.6 Discussion 124
8.7 Conclusions 127
References 128
Part 3: Acid Gas Injection
9. Potential Sites and Early Opportunities of Acid Gas Re-injection in China 131
Qi Li, Xiaochun Li, Lei Du, Guizhen Liu, Xuehao Liu, Ning Wei
9.1 Introduction 132
9.2 Potential Storage Capacity for CCS 134
9.3 Emission Sources of Acid Gases 134
9.4 Distribution of High H2S Bearing Gas Field 135
9.5 Systematic Screening of Potential Sites 136
9.6 Early Deployment Opportunities of AGI 137
9.7 Conclusions 139
9.8 Acknowledgements 140
References 140
10. Acid Gas Injection for a Waste Stream with Heavy Hydrocarbons and Mercaptans 143
Xingyuan Zhao, John J. Carroll, and Ying Wu
10.1 Basis 143
10.2 Phase Envelope 144
10.3 Water Content 146
10.4 Hydrates 147
10.5 Dehydration and Compression 149
10.6 Discussion 151
10.7 Conclusion 151
References 152
11. Compression of Acid Gas and CO2 with Reciprocating Compressors and Diaphragm Pumps for Storage and Enhanced Oil Recovery 153
Anke Braun, Josef Jarosch, Rainer Dübi, and Luzi Valär
11.1 Conclusion 163
References 164
12. Investigation of the Use of Choke Valves in Acid Gas Compression 165
James van der Lee, and Edward Wichert
12.1 Introduction 166
12.2 Water Content Behaviour of Acid Gas 167
12.3 Test Cases to Ascertain the Effect of Choke Valves 169
12.4 Test Case 1: 20% H2S, 78% CO2 and 2% C1 170
12.5 Test Case 2: 50% H2S, 48% CO2 and 2% C1 173
12.6 Test Case 3: 80% H2S, 18% CO2 and 2% C1 175
12.7 Conclusions 180
13. The Kinetics of H2S Oxidation by Trace O2 and Prediction of Sulfur Deposition in Acid Gas Compression Systems 183
N. I. Dowling, R. A. Marriott, A. Primak, and S. Manley
13.1 Introduction 184
13.2 Experimental 185
13.3 Experimental Results and Calculation Methods 186
13.4 Discussion and Demonstration of Utility 208
13.5 Conclusions 212
References 213
14. Blowout Calculations for Acid Gas Well with High Water Cut 215
Shouxi Wang, and John J. Carroll
14.1 Introduction 215
14.2 Water 217
14.3 Trace Amount of Gas 221
14.4.1 Case Study 3 222
14.5 Brine vs. Water 226
14.6 Discussion 226
References 226
Part 4: Subsurface
15. Influence of Sulfur Deposition on Gas Reservoir Development 229
Weiyao Zhu, Xiaohe Huang, Yunqian Long, and Jia Deng
15.1 Introduction 229
15.2 Mathematical Models of Flow Mechanisms 230
15.3 The Mathematical Model of Multiphase Complex Flow 236
15.4 Solution of the Mathematical Model Equations 240
15.5 Example 242
15.6 Conclusions 244
References 245
16. Modeling and Evaluation of Oilfield Fluid Processing Schemes 247
Jie Zhang, Ayodeji A. Jeje, Gang Chen, Haiying Cheng, Yuan You, and Shugang Li
16.1 Introduction 248
16.2 Treatment of Produced Water 249
16.3 Treatment of Re-circulating Mud 252
16.4 Test on Gas-cut, Water-based Mud 255
16.5 Conclusion 259
References 260
17. Optimization of the Selection of Oil-Soluble Surfactant for Enhancing CO2 Displacement Efficiency 261
Ping Guo, Songjie Jiao, Fu Chen, and Jie He
17.1 Introduction 262
17.2 Experiment Preparation and Experimental Conditions 263
17.3 Experiment Contents and Methods 264
17.4 Optimization of Surfactants 265
17.5 The Displacement Efficiency Research on Oil-soluble Surfactant Optimization 268
17.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 270
17.7 Acknowledgement 271
References 271
Index 273
