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Produktbild: Gases in Plant and Microbial Cells
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Gases in Plant and Microbial Cells

Aus der Reihe Molecular Methods of Plant Analysis
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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

14.12.2011

Herausgeber

Hans-Ferdinand Linskens + weitere

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

352

Maße (L/B/H)

24,4/17/2,1 cm

Gewicht

655 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1989

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-83348-9

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

14.12.2011

Herausgeber

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

352

Maße (L/B/H)

24,4/17/2,1 cm

Gewicht

655 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1989

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-83348-9

Herstelleradresse

Springer-Verlag KG
Sachsenplatz 4-6
1201 Wien
AT

Email: GPSR Kontakt

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  • Produktbild: Gases in Plant and Microbial Cells
  • Oxygen.- O2Evolution and Uptake Measurements in Plant Cells by Mass Spectrometry.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Theory.- 2.1 Determination of Uo.- 2.2 Determination of Eo.- 2.3 Determination of DR.- 2.4 Correction of Eo and Uo Against Withdrawal of Gas.- 3 Equipment.- 3.1 Mass Spectrometers.- 3.2 Inlet Systems.- 4 O2 Exchange of Higher Plants (Whole Plants, Single Leaves).- 4.1 Determination of Uo and Eo over Long Periods of Time.- 4.2 Determination of Uo and Eo over Short Time Intervals.- 5 O2 Exchange of Aquatic Suspensions (Algae, Chloroplasts).- 5.1 Determination of Uo and Eo over Long Periods of Time.- 5.2 Determination of Uo and Eo over Short Time Intervals.- References.- Microassay of O2 Evolution from Single Plant Cells.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Historical Background.- 3 Culture, Preparation and Incubation of Bacteria and Protoplasts.- 3.1 Bacteria.- 3.2 Isolation of Protoplasts.- 3.3 Evacuolation and Electrofusion of Protoplasts.- 3.4 Assay of Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution.- 4 Evaluation of the Microtechnique.- 4.1 Microphotographic Studies.- 4.2 Discrimination Between Aerotactic and Chemotactic Responses.- 4.3 Semiquantitative Assay of Changes in O2 Concentration.- 4.4 Kinetic Studies.- 5 Applications.- 5.1 Protoplast Viability as Assayed with Pseudomonas Versus Conventional Techniques.- 5.2 Integrity of Manipulated Protoplasts and Hybrids of Mesophyll Cells After Electrofusion.- 6 Summary.- References.- O2 Exchange Measurement Using a Platinum Polarographic Electrode.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Basic Components of a Polarographic System.- 1.2 O2 Exchange Measurements.- 2 Polarographic Principles.- 2.1 Basic Principles.- 2.2 O2 Reduction.- 2.3 The Silver Anode and Electrolyte Medium.- 3 Electrode Systems.- 3.1 The Membrane-Covered (Clark-Type) Electrode.- 3.2 The Bare Electrode.- 3.3 Choice of Electrode Type.- 3.4 The Modulated Polarographic Electrode.- 3.5 Improvements in Bare Platinum Electrode Systems.- 4 Photosynthesis Studies.- 4.1 Photosynthetic Action Spectra.- 4.2 Chromatic Transients.- 4.3 O2 Evolution and the S-State Hypothesis.- 4.4 Measurement of the Activity of O2-Evolving Particles.- 4.5 Hydrostatic Pressure Effects.- 4.6 Electron Transfer Reactions.- 4.7 Simultaneous Measurement of O2 Exchange and Variable Chlorophyll a Fluorescence.- 4.8 Light-Dependent O2 Uptake.- 4.9 Measurement of Oxygen Evolution by Leaf Discs (The Hansatech Electrode).- 5 The Future of Polarographic O2 Exchange Measurement.- 6 Commercial Suppliers of Polarographic Systems.- 6.1 Clark-Type Systems.- 6.2 The Hansatech Electrode.- 6.3 Bare Electrode Systems.- References.- Measurement of O2 Evolution in Chloroplasts.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Principle of Polarographic O2 Electrode.- 3 Reaction Vessels and Electronic Circuits.- 4 General Directions for Measurement of O2 Evolution.- 5 Additional Remarks.- 6 Typical Experimental Conditions.- References.- Carbon Dioxide.- Analytical Gas Exchange Measurements of Photosynthetic CO2 Assimilation.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Historical Perspective.- 1.2 Current Interest.- 2 The Basic Measurements.- 2.1 Units.- 2.2 Combined Gas Exchange and Biochemical Measurements.- 3 Measuring CO2 Uptake.- 3.1 Compensating Systems.- 3.2 Differential Systems.- 3.3 Combined Systems.- 3.4 Kinetic Systems.- 3.5 CO2 Analyzers.- 3.6 Considerations for Handling CO2.- 3.7 CO2 Source Gas.- 3.8 CO2 Absorbers.- 4 Measuring Water Loss.- 4.1 Differential Systems.- 4.2 Closed Systems.- 4.3 Water Vapor Detectors.- 4.4 Considerations for Handling Water Vapor.- 4.5 Water Vapor Absorbers.- 5 Vapor Pressure Difference.- 5.1 Humidity in the Air.- 5.2 Humidity Inside the Leaf.- 6 Chambers.- 7 Putting the System Together.- 7.1 Mass Flow Meters.- 7.2 Barometer.- 7.3 Tubing Fittings.- 8 Three Different System Designs.- 8.1 Laboratory-Based System.- 8.2 Expedition Size Field System.- 8.3 Personal Size Portable System.- References.- Respiration Measurements in Plant Roots Throughout Development.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Defining the Problem.- 3 Mitochondria.- 3.1 Factors Affecting Respiratory Measurements.- 3.2 Isolation of Mitochondria.- 4 Root Segments.- 4.1 Factors Affecting Respiratory Measurements.- 5 Intact Excised Roots.- 6 Intact Plants.- 7 Roots Grown in Liquid Culture.- 8 Problems Associated with Inhibitors.- 8.1 Disulfiram.- 8.2 SHAM.- 8.3 Antimycin A.- 8.4 Uncouplers.- 9 Measuring Respiration Rates.- 9.1 Apportioning Respiratory Activity.- 9.2 Rotenone-Resistant Respiration.- 10 Adjunct Methods.- References.- Water Vapor.- Psychrometric Water Potential Analysis in Leaf Discs.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Theory of Thermocouple Psychrometers.- 2.1 Concepts of Water Potential.- 2.2 Principles of Operation.- 3 Types of Thermocouple Psychrometers.- 4 Psychrometric Method.- 4.1 Preparation of Psychrometers.- 4.2 Calibration.- 4.3 Measurement Procedure.- 4.4 Temperature and Vapour Pressure Equilibration.- 5 Techniques for Sampling Leaf Discs.- 5.1 Leaf Selection for Tissue Sampling.- 5.2 Location and Selection of Leaf-Disc Samples.- 5.3 Method of Leaf-Disc Excision.- 5.4 Effects of Evaporative Losses.- 5.5 Use of Multiple Leaf Discs.- 5.6 Handling of Leaf Discs.- 6 Components of Leaf Water Potential.- 7 Interpretation of Psychrometric Water Potential Measurements.- 7.1 Accuracy of Psychrometer Measurements.- 7.2 Types of Leaf Material.- 7.3 Water Potential Changes Following Leaf-Disc Excision.- 7.4 Leaf Tissue in Relation to the Size of the Sample Chamber.- 7.5 Water Adsorption by Thermocouple Psychrometer Assemblies.- 7.6 The Cut Edge and Evaporative Losses During Sampling.- 7.7 Thermal Gradients and Zero Offsets.- 7.8 Problems Associated with Equilibration Times.- 7.9 Interpretation of the Psychrometer Output Plateau.- 7.10 Considerations for Statistical Analysis.- 7.11 Consistency in Methodology.- 8 Conclusion.- References.- In Situ Measurement of Plant Water Potential.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Background.- 1.2 Measurement Theory.- 1.3 Measurement Methods.- 2 Vapour Transfer Methods.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 General Principles.- 2.3 Practical Aspects.- 3 Psychrometry.- 3.1 Principles.- 3.2 Psychrometric Methods.- 3.3 Peltier Cooled (Spanner) Psychrometers.- 3.4 Wet Loop or Droplet Psychrometer.- 4 Dew Point Methods.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Four-Wire Hygrometer.- 4.3 Pulsed Dew Point Hygrometer.- 4.4 Continuous Monitoring.- 4.5 Comparison of Dew Point Methods.- 4.6 Dew Point Versus Psychrometric Methods.- 5 In Situ Measurement at Particular Sites.- 5.1 Leaf.- 5.2 Stem.- 5.3 Roots.- 6 Conclusion and Final Recommendation.- References.- Dehydration and Rehydration During Pollen Development, Pollination, and Fertilization.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Flower Development.- 3 Dehydration of Pollen.- 3.1 Dehydration During Development.- 3.2 Dehydration of Pollen After Anthesis and Some Consequences of Dehydration.- 4 Pollination and Rehydration of Pollen.- 5 Water Potential and Its Measurement in Reproductive Tissues.- 6 Humidity Measurement.- 7 Measurement of Water Content.- 7.1 1H-NMR.- 7.2 1H-NMR Imaging.- 7.3 31P-NMR for Membranes.- 7.4 Freeze Fracture Replicas for Membranes.- 7.5 Calorimetric Analysis.- 7.6 Other Methods.- 8 Summary.- References.- Exchange Determination of Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, Ethylene, and Other Gases of Fruits and Vegetables.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Physical Laws of Gas Diffusion.- 3 Steady State Determination of Parameters of Gas Exchange.- 3.1 Theoretical Basis.- 3.2 Determination of Surface Area.- 3.3 Determination of the Rate of Flux.- 3.4 Determination of the Concentration Gradient.- 3.5 Calculation of Permeability Coefficients.- 4 Nonsteady State Methods for Determination of Resistance to Gas Diffusion.- 5 Morphology and Other Gas Exchange Methodologies.- 6 Applications of Methodology.- 6.1 Studying Paths of Gas Exchange Through Stem Scar, Stomata, Cuticle, and Lenticels.- 6.2 Effects of Individual Seal-Packaging and Waxing on Gas Exchange of Fruits.- 6.3 Resistance Network Approach.- References.- Nitrogen.- Methods for Measurement of Dinitrogen Fixation in Microorganisms and Symbiotic Systems.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Determination of N2 Fixation by Increases in Total Nitrogen.- 2.1 Digestion of Samples by a Microkjeldahl Procedure.- 2.2 Analysis of Ammonia by Distillation Followed by Titration.- 3 Use of 15N2 to Determine Dinitrogen Fixation.- 3.1 Preparation of 15N2 from 15N-Labelled Ammonium Salts.- 3.2 Exposure of Samples to 15N2 Gas Mixtures.- 3.3 Conversion of $$^{15}NH_4^ + $$ to 15N2 for Analysis in a Mass Spectrometer.- 3.4 Analysis of 15N2 Data.- 3.5 Analysis of 15N Abundance by Emission Spectrometry.- 4 Use of 13N2 to Determine Dinitrogen Fixation.- 4.1 Cyclotron Methods.- 4.2 Linear Accelerator.- References.- Methods for Uptake and Assimilation Studies of Nitrogen Dioxide.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Nitrogen Dioxide Uptake.- 2.1 Gas Flux Studies.- 2.2 Nitrogenous Compound Extraction and Determination.- 2.3 15N Studies.- 2.4 Comparative Rates of Nitrogen Dioxide Uptake.- 3 Nitrogen Dioxide Assimilation.- 3.1 Increase in Organic Nitrogen.- 3.2 Increase in Nitrogen Pathway Enzymes.- 3.3 Nitrogen Dioxide as a Plant Nutrient.- References.- Immunological Detection of Nitrogenase.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Characteristics of the Nitrogenase Complex.- 3 Purification of Nitrogenase for Antibody Production.- 3.1 Immunological Techniques.- 3.2 Immunological Relationships of Nitrogenases.- 3.3 Immunodetection of Nitrogenase.- 3.4 Immunodetection by Western Blotting.- 3.5 Quantitation of Nitrogenase on Western Blots.- 4 Conclusions.- Appendices.- References.- Analysis of Volatile Nitrogen (NO and NO2) Release from Plants.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 NO(X) Emissions from Herbicide-Treated Soybean.- 1.2 Association of NO(X) Evolution with the NR Enzyme.- 2 Volatile N Carried in Water Vapor from Intact Plants.- 3 Methods of Detecting N Oxides.- 3.1 Greiss-Saltzman Colorimetric Assay.- 3.2 Gas Chromatography (GC).- 3.3 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).- Conditions.- References.- Other Gases.- Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria:Methods Used in Their Investigation.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Methods for the Determination of H2-Oxidizing Activity.- 2.1 Practical and Theoretical Considerations in the Use of H2 as a Reagent.- 2.2 Gas Chromatographic Assay of H2-Oxidizing Activity.- 2.3 Spectrophotometric Assay of H2-Oxidizing Activity.- 2.4 Amperometric Determination of H2-Oxidizing Activity.- 2.5 Use of 3H2 in the Measurement of Hydrogenase Activity.- 2.6 Mass Spectrometric Measurements of H2 Metabolism.- 2.7 Other Methods for Measuring Activity of Hydrogenases.- 3 Methods Other Than Activity Determinations.- 4 Summary.- References.- Methane Estimation for Methanogenic and Methanotropic Bacteria.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Cultivation.- 3 Methods for Estimating Methane.- 3.1 Sampling Procedures.- 3.2 Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Gases and Substrates.- 3.3 Isotope Methods for Gases.- 4 Methods for Methanogenic Bacteria.- 4.1 Preparing Methanogenic Cell Suspensions and Extracts.- 4.2 Enzymatic Methane Production.- 5 Methods for Methanotrophic Bacteria.- 5.1 Respirometric Analysis.- 5.2 Methane Monooxygenase Activity.- 6 Calculating Methane and Other Gases.- References.- Methods for the Quantification of Ethylene Produced by Plants.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Bioassays.- 3 Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Ethylene.- 3.1 Columns.- 3.2 Detectors.- 4 Continuous Flow Systems.- 4.1 Purification of Air.- 4.2 Sample Chambers.- 4.3 Collection Trap for Ethylene Analysis.- 5 Analysis of Ethylene in Aqueous Samples.- 5.1 Head Space Analysis.- 5.2 Liquid Injection on Gas Chromatographic Columns.- 5.3 Vacuum Extraction.- 5.4 Gas Stripping.- 6 Summary.- References.- Determination of Extra-and Intracellular pH Values in Relation to the Action of Acidic Gases on Cells.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Methods and Applications.- 2.1 pH-Measurements in Leaf Extracts with Glass Electrodes.- 2.2 Intracellular pH Measurements with Microelectrodes.- 2.3 Distribution of Weak Acids:pH in Neutral or Alkaline Cellular Compartments.- 2.4 Distribution of Weak Bases:pH in Acidic Cellular Compartments.- 2.5 Fluorescent pH Indicators and pH-Sensitive Dyes.- 2.6 31P-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (31P-NMR).- 2.7 Metabolite Determinations.- 3 Conclusions.- References.