Foreword xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Opening Statement 1
1.2 Summary 6
1.3 Chapter 2: State-of-the Art of the Climate Change Debate 6
1.4 Chapter 3: Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO2 8
1.5 Chapter 4: Role of Agricultural Practices on Climate Change 9
1.6 Chapter 5: Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Global Warming 10
1.7 Chapter 6: Role of Refining on Climate Change 11
1.8 Chapter 7: Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids 11
1.9 Chapter 8: Delinearized History of Climate Change Hysteria 12
1.10 Chapter 9: The Monetization the Climate Science 13
1.11 Chapter 10: The Science of Global Warming 16
1.12 Chapter 11: Conclusions 18
2 State-of-The-Art of the Climate Change Debate 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 The Anthropogenic Climate Change (ACC) 20
2.3 The Climate Change as a Natural Process 27
2.4 Conclusions 35
3 Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO2 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 The Science of Forest Fires 38
3.2.1 Role of Water and Carbon 39
3.2.2 Combustion and Oxidation 42
3.2.3 From Natural Energy to Natural Mass 57
3.2.4 Causes of Forest Fires 68
3.3 Climate Change and Forest Fire 71
3.4 Setting the Stage to Discover a CO2* Effect 89
3.5 Conclusions 101
4 Role of Agricultural Practices on Climate Change 103
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Climate-Water-Food Nexus 104
4.3 Biofuel 112
4.4 Pathway Analysis of Biofuels 119
4.4.1 Chemical Fertilizers 119
4.4.2 Pesticides 130
4.4.2.1 Toxin Related to Pesticide 136
4.4.3 The Heavy Metals 142
4.4.3.1 Lead 145
4.4.3.2 Chromium 146
4.4.3.3 Arsenic 147
4.4.3.4 Zinc 150
4.4.3.5 Cadmium 151
4.4.3.6 Copper 151
4.4.3.7 Mercury 152
4.4.3.8 Nickel 153
4.4.3.9 Overall Effect of Heavy Metals on Life Cycle and Ecosystem 153
4.4.4 The Mechanism 165
4.4.5 Bioethanol 176
4.5 Conclusions 180
5 Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Global Warming 181
5.1 Introduction 181
5.2 The Process of Biodiesel Manufacturing 183
5.2.1 Variables Affecting Transesterification Reaction 185
5.2.1.1 Effect of Free Fatty Acid and Moisture 186
5.2.1.2 Catalyst Type and Concentration 188
5.2.1.3 Molar Ratio of Alcohol to Oil and Type of Alcohol 190
5.2.1.4 Effect of Reaction Time and Temperature 193
5.2.1.5 Mixing Intensity 194
5.2.1.6 Effect of Using Organic Co-Solvents 195
5.2.2 Catalysts 197
5.2.2.1 The Effects of Homogeneous Catalyst in Biodiesel Production 198
5.2.2.2 Effect of Heterogeneous Catalysts 207
5.2.2.3 Future Trends and the Impact on the Environment 225
5.2.3 Greening of the Biodiesel Process 229
5.3 Conclusions 234
6 Role of Refining on Climate Change 235
6.1 Introduction 235
6.2 The Refining Process 236
6.3 Additives and Their Functions 246
6.3.1 Platinum 246
6.3.2 Cadmium 250
6.3.3 Lead 254
6.4 Science of Nanaoscale 258
6.4.1 Connection Between Subatomic and Bulk Properties 264
6.4.2 The Correct Formulation 270
6.5 Zeolite as a Refining Catalyst 277
6.5.1 Gasoline Pool 281
6.5.2 Linear Paraffin Isomerization 282
6.5.3 Isobutane-Butene Alkylation 282
6.5.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) 283
6.5.5 Reforming 286
6.5.6 Hydrocracking 287
6.6 Conclusions 291
7 Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids 293
7.1 Introduction 293
7.2 Organic and Mechanical Frequencies 297
7.3 Redefining Radiation and Energy 298
7.3.1 Radiation 298
7.3.2 Flames and Natural Frequencies of Flames 304
7.3.3 Energy 308
7.3.4 Conversion of Energy Into Mass 319
7.4 Role of Petroleum Sources 324
7.4.1 Organic Origin of Petroleum 325
7.4.2 Implication of the Abiogenic Theory of Hydrocarbon 327
7.4.3 Effect on Reserve 331
7.5 Scientific Ranking of Petroleum 333
7.6 Conclusions 341
8 Delinearized History of Climate Change Hysteria 343
8.1 Introduction 343
8.2 Climate Change Hysteria 345
8.3 The Energy Crisis 349
8.3.1 Are Natural Resources Finite and Human Needs Infinite? 349
8.3.2 The Finite/ Infinite Conundrum 357
8.3.3 Renewable vs Non-Renewable: No Boundary-As-Such 358
8.4 Conclusions 361
9 The Monetization the Climate Science 363
9.1 Introduction 363
9.2 The Nobel Laureate Economist's Claim 366
9.3 Historical Development 375
9.3.1 Pre-Industrial 377
9.3.2 Industrial Age 377
9.3.3 Age of Petroleum 382
9.3.3.1 High-Acid Crude Oils and Opportunity Crudes 385
9.3.3.2 Oil From Tight Formations and From Shale Formations 386
9.3.3.3 Natural Gas 387
9.3.3.4 Heavy Oil 388
9.3.3.5 Tar Sand Bitumen 389
9.4 Petroleum in the Big Picture 390
9.5 Current Status of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 401
9.5.1 CO2 Release to the Atmosphere 411
9.5.2 Linking with GDP 421
9.5.3 Different Trends in the Largest Emitting Countries and Regions 422
9.6 Comments on the Copenhagen Summit 423
9.7 The Parise Agreement 429
9.7.1 Connection to Nordhaus 429
9.7.2 The Agreement 430
9.8 Carbon Tax: The Ultimate Goal of Climate Change Hysteria 435
9.9 Conclusions 444
10 The Science of Global Warming 445
10.1 Introduction 445
10.2 Current Status of Greenhouse 447
10.3 The Current Focus 456
10.3.1 Effect of Metals 456
10.3.2 Indirect Effects 460
10.4 Scientific Characterization of Greenhouse Gases 467
10.4.1 Connection to Subatomic Energy 467
10.4.2 Isotopes and Their Relation to Greenhouse Gases 471
10.5 A New Approach to Material Characterization 487
10.5.1 Removable Discontinuities: Phases and Renewability of Materials 491
10.5.2 Rebalancing Mass and Energy 491
10.5.3 Energy: Toward Scientific Modeling 493
10.5.4 The Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy 495
10.5.5 Avalanche Theory 495
10.5.6 Simultaneous Characterization of Matter and Energy 499
10.6 Classification of CO2 503
10.6.1 Isotopic Characterization 504
10.6.2 Isotopic Features of Naturally Occurring Chemicals 515
10.6.3 Photosynthesis 518
10.6.4 The Effect on Carbon (114C and ¿13C) 522
10.7 The Role of Water in Global Warming 527
10.7.1 Water as the Driver of Climate Change 529
10.8 Characterization of Energy Sources 533
10.8.1 Environmental and Ecological Impact 533
10.8.2 Quality of Energy 533
10.8.3 Evaluation of Process 534
10.8.4 Final Characterization 535
11 Conclusions 537
11.1 Concluding Remarks 537
11.2 Conclusions of Chapter 2: State-of-the Art of the Climate Change Debate 541
11.3 Conclusions of Chapter 3: Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO2 541
11.4 Conclusions of Chapter 4: Role of Agricultureal practices on Climate Change 542
11.5 Conclusions of Chapter 5: Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Gobal Warming 542
11.6 Concludsions of Chapetr 6: Role of Refining on Climate Change 543
11.7 Conclusions of Chapter 7: Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids 543
11.8 Conclusions of Chapter 8: Delineraized History of Climate Change Hysteria 544
11.9 Conclusions of Chapter 9: The Monetization the Climate Science 544
11.10 Conclusions of Chapter 10: The Science of Global Warming 545
12 References 547
Index 619
