List of Contributors xvii
Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
Part I General Topics in Green Chemistry 1
1 Green Chemistry Metrics 3
Frank Roschangar and Juan Colberg
1.1 Business Case 3
1.2 Historical Context 3
1.3 Metrics, Awards, and Barriers 4
1.4 Metrics Unification Via Green Aspiration Level 9
1.5 Green Scorecard 12
1.6 Supply Chain 14
1.7 Outlook and Opportunities 15
References 17
2 Green Solvents 21
Janet L. Scott and Helen F. Sneddon
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Solvent Selection Guides and Tools 23
2.3 Greener Molecular Solvents 24
2.4 Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Developments 34
References 34
3 Green Analytical Chemistry 43
Paul Ferguson and Douglas Raynie
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Sample Preparation 47
3.3 Techniques and Methods 50
3.4 Process Analytical Technology 60
3.5 Biopharmaceutical Analysis 62
3.6 Conclusions 65
Acknowledgments 66
References 66
4 Green Engineering 71
Christopher L. Kitchens and Lindsay Soh
4.1 Introduction: Green Engineering Misconceptions and Realizations 71
4.2 12 Principles of Green Engineering 72
4.3 Green Chemistry Metrics Applied to Engineering 73
4.4 Use of Green Solvents in the Chemical Industry 80
4.5 Presidential Green Chemistry Awards 86
4.6 Opportunities and Outlook 87
References 87
5 Greening of Consumer Cleaning Products 91
David C. Long
5.1 History of Green Consumer Cleaning Products 91
5.2 Drivers for Greener Products 94
5.3 Development of Green Cleaning Criteria and Eco-Labeling 98
5.4 Development of Greener Ingredients for Cleaners 102
5.5 The Future of Green Cleaning 111
Acknowledgments 112
References 112
6 Innovation with Non-Covalent Derivatization 117
John C. Warner and Emily Stoler
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 NCD Overview 118
6.3 Pharmaceutical NCDs 121
6.4 Environmental and Green Chemistry Benefits 123
References 123
Part II Green Catalysts 131
7 Catalytic C-H Bond Cleavage for Heterocyclic Compounds 133
Zhanxiang Liu and Yuhong Zhang
7.1 Introduction 133
7.2 Synthesis of Nitrogen Heterocycles 133
7.3 Synthesis of Oxygen-Containing Heterocycles 144
7.4 Synthesis of Sulfur-Containing Heterocycles 148
7.5 Medium-Sized Heterocyclic Compounds 150
7.6 Conclusion 152
References 152
8 Biocatalysis 161
James Lalonde
8.1 Introduction 161
8.2 Enzymes for Biocatalysis 162
8.3 Advances in Enzyme Engineering and Directed Evolution 164
8.4 Biocatalytic Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals: Case Studies of Highly Efficient Pharmaceutical Syntheses 165
8.5 Summary and Future Outlook 178
References 180
9 Practical Asymmetric Organocatalysis 185
Wen-Zhao Zhang, Samik Nanda, and Sanzhong Luo
9.1 Introduction 185
9.2 Aminocatalysis 185
9.3 BrønstedAcidCatalysis 191
9.4 Brønsted Base Catalysis 193
9.5 Hydrogen-Bonding Catalysis 197
9.6 Phase-Transfer Catalysis 202
9.7 Lewis Acid, Lewis Base, and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis 204
>100-Gram Reaction) 207
9.9 Conclusion 209
References 209
10 Fluorous Catalysis 219
LászlóT.MikaandIstván T. Horváth
10.1 Introduction and the Principles of Fluorous Catalysis 219
10.2 Ligands for Fluorous Transition Metal Catalysts 224
10.3 Synthetic Application of Fluorous Catalysis 225
10.4 Fluorous Organocatalysis 256
10.5 Other Applications of Fluorous Catalysis 259
References 259
11 Solid-Supported Catalysis 269
Sukanta Bhattacharyya and Basudeb Basu
11.1 Introduction 269
11.2 Immobilized Palladium Catalysts 270
11.3 Immobilized Rhodium Catalysts 276
11.4 Immobilized Ruthenium Catalysts 279
11.5 Other Immobilized Catalysts 284
11.6 Conclusions 286
References 287
12 Asymmetric Organocatalysis in Aqueous Media 291
Kartick C. Bhowmick and Tanmoy Chanda
12.1 Introduction 291
12.2 Carbon-Carbon Bond-Formation Reactions 292
12.3 Reactions Other than C-C Bond Formation 313
12.4 Conclusion 314
References 314
Part III Green Synthetic Techniques 325
13 Solvent-Free Synthesis 327
Kendra Leahy Denlinger and James Mack
13.1 Introduction 327
13.2 Ball Milling 328
References 339
14 Ultrasonic Reactions 343
Rodrigo Cella and Hélio A. Stefani
14.1 Introduction 343
14.2 How Does Cavitation Work? 343
14.3 Aldol/Condensation Reactions 345
14.4 1,4-Addition 351
14.5 Heterocycles Synthesis 353
14.6 Coupling Reactions 356
14.7 Wittig Reaction 361
14.8 Diels-Alder Reaction 362
14.9 Miscellaneous 365
14.10 Conclusions 366
References 366
15 Photochemical Synthesis 373
Stefano Protti, Maurizio Fagnoni, and Angelo Albini
15.1 Introduction 373
15.2 Synthesis and Rearrangement of Open-Chain Compounds 376
15.3 Synthesis of Three- and Four-Membered Rings 382
15.4 Synthesis of Five-, Six- (and Larger)-Membered Rings 391
15.5 Oxygenation and Oxidation 398
15.6 Conclusions 400
Acknowledgments 401
References 401
16 Pot Economy Synthesis 407
Wenbin Yi, Xin Zeng, and Song Gao
16.1 Introduction 407
16.2 Multicomponent Reactions 407
16.3 One-Pot and Multi-Step Reactions 415
16.4 One-Pot Asymmetric Synthesis 424
16.5 Outlook 434
References 434
17 Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis: Overview of Recent Applications 441
Nandini Sharma, Upendra K. Sharma, and Erik V. Van der Eycken
17.1 Introduction 441
17.2 C-H Functionalization 449
17.3 Insertion Reactions 452
17.4 Reduction 453
17.5 Synthesis of Peptides and Related Fine Chemicals 455
17.6 Newer Developments 459
17.7 Summary 461
References 461
18 Solid-Supported Synthesis 469
Indrajeet J. Barve and Chung-Ming Sun
Abbreviations 469
18.1 Introduction 471
18.2 Techniques of Solid-Phase Supported Synthesis 472
18.3 Solid-Phase Supported Heterocyclic Chemistry 476
18.4 Solid-Supported Synthesis of Natural Products 486
18.5 Solid-Supported Organometallic Chemistry 491
18.6 Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptides 493
18.7 Solid-Phase Supported Stereoselective Synthesis 494
18.8 Interdisciplinary Solid-Supported Synthesis 499
References 505
19 Light Fluorous Synthesis 509
Wei Zhang
19.1 Introduction 509
19.2 "Heavy" Versus "Light" Fluorous Chemistry 509
19.3 The Green Chemistry Aspects of Fluorous Synthesis 510
19.4 Fluorous Techniques for Discovery Chemistry 511
19.5 Conclusions 533
References 533
Part IV Green Techniques and Strategies in the Pharmaceutical Industry 539
20 Ionic Liquids in Pharmaceutical Industry 541
Julia L. Shamshina, Paula Berton, Hui Wang, Xiaosi Zhou, Gabriela Gurau, and Robin D. Rogers
Abbreviations 541
20.1 Introduction 543
20.2 Finding the Right Role for ILs in the Pharmaceutical Industry 544
20.3 Conclusions and Prospects 567
References 568
21 Green Technologies and Approaches in the Manufacture of Biologics 579
Sa V. Ho and Kristi L. Budzinski
21.1 Introduction 579
21.2 Characteristics of Biologics 580
21.3 Manufacture of Therapeutic Biologics 581
21.4 Environmental Metrics Development and Impact Analysis 587
21.5 Some Future Directions 592
21.6 Conclusions 594
Acknowledgments 594
References 594
22 Benchmarking Green Chemistry Adoption by "Big Pharma" and Generics Manufacturers 601
Vesela R. Veleva and Berkeley W. Cue
22.1 Introduction 601
22.2 Literature Review 602
22.3 Pharmaceutical Industry Overview and Green Chemistry Drivers 604
22.4 Benchmarking Industry Adoption of Green Chemistry 607
22.5 Results and Discussion 610
22.6 Conclusion 616
References 616
23 Green Process Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Case Studies Update (2012-2016) 621
Joseph M. Fortunak, Ji Zhang, Frederick E. Nytko III, and Tiffany N. Ellison
23.1 Introduction 621
23.2 Pharmaceutical Patents Driving Innovation 622
23.3 A Caution About Drug Manufacturing Costs 623
23.4 Process Evolution by Multiple Route Discovery Efforts-Dolutegravir 624
23.5 The Impact of Competition on Process Evolution-Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate 628
23.6 Simeprevir (Olysio/Sovriad) and Analogues: Chiral Phase-Transfer Catalyst-Promoted Optical Alpha-Amino Acid Synthesis: A Metal-free Process 633
23.7 Vaniprevir (MK 7009), Simeprevir (TMC435), and Danoprevir: Ring-Closing Metathesis (RCM) for Macrocyclic Lactam Synthesis: Now a Commercial Reality 635
23.8 Daclatasvir (BMS-790052, Daklinza), and Ledipasvir (GS-5885): Palladium Catalyzed Cross-Coupling for Greening a Process 638
23.9 Sitagliptin (Januvia) and Ponatinib (Iclusig): Greening the Process by Telescoping Multiple Steps Together 639
23.10 Febuxostat (Uloric): Greening the Process via Metal Catalyzed C-H Activation: A Prospect 641
23.11 Conclusions 644
References 644
24 Greener Pharmaceutical Science Through Collaboration: The ACS GCI Pharmaceutical Roundtable 649
Julie B. Manley and Michael E. Kopach
24.1 Introduction 649
24.2 Establishing Pre-Competitive Collaborations 650
24.3 Informing and Influencing the Research Agenda 654
24.4 Developing Tools 661
24.5 Educating Leaders 666
24.6 Collaborating Globally 668
24.7 Future Opportunities 669
24.8 Success Factors 671
References 673
Index 675
