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Produktbild: X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications
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X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications

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128,99 € UVP 149,00 €

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

10.02.2021

Abbildungen

150

Verlag

Wiley-VCH

Seitenzahl

496

Maße (L/B/H)

25,1/17,5/3 cm

Gewicht

1080 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-527-34463-5

Beschreibung

Rezension

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for laboratory applications is a strongly recommended, high-quality monograph in the field of X-ray spectroscopy. [?] [I]t is a unique resource for practitioners and scientists.



Kerstin Leopold in Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (29.07.2021)

Produktdetails

Einband

Gebundene Ausgabe

Erscheinungsdatum

10.02.2021

Abbildungen

150

Verlag

Wiley-VCH

Seitenzahl

496

Maße (L/B/H)

25,1/17,5/3 cm

Gewicht

1080 g

Auflage

1. Auflage

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-527-34463-5

Herstelleradresse

Wiley-VCH GmbH
Boschstraße 12
69469 Weinheim
DE

Email: GPSR Kontakt

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  • Produktbild: X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications

  • Preface xvii



    List of Abbreviations and Symbols xix



    About the Authors xxiii



     



    1 Introduction 1



     



    2 Principles of X-ray Spectrometry 7



    2.1 Analytical Performance 7



    2.2 X-ray Radiation and Their Interaction 11



    2.3 The Development of X-ray Spectrometry 21



    2.4 Carrying Out an Analysis 26



     



    3 Sample Preparation 31



    3.1 Objectives of Sample Preparation 31



    3.2 Preparation Techniques 32



    3.3 Preparation of Compact and Homogeneous Materials 39



    3.4 Small Parts Materials 41



    3.5 Liquid Samples 55



    3.6 Biological Materials 58



    3.7 Small Particles, Dust, and Aerosols 59



     



    4 XRF Instrument Types 61



    4.1 General Design of an X-ray Spectrometer 61



    4.2 Comparison of Wavelength- and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometers 63



    4.2.5 Radiation Flux 75



    4.3 Type of Instruments 80



    4.4 Commercially Available Instrument Types 98



     



    5 Measurement and Evaluation of X-ray Spectra 99



    5.1 Information Content of the Spectra 99



    5.2 Procedural Steps to Execute a Measurement 101



    5.3 Selecting the Measurement Conditions 102



    5.4 Determination of Peak Intensity 112



    5.5 Quanti¿cation Models 117



    5.6 Characterization of Layered Materials 133



    5.7 Chemometric Methods for Material Characterization 140



    5.8 Creation of an Application 143



     



    6 Analytical Errors 149



    6.1 General Considerations 149



    6.2 Types of Errors 156



    6.3 Accounting for Systematic Errors 159



    6.4 Recording of Error Information 164



     



    7 Other Element Analytical Methods 167



    7.1 Overview 167



    7.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) 168



    7.3 Optical Emission Spectrometry 169



    7.4 Mass Spectrometry (MS) 172



    7.5 X-Ray Spectrometry by Particle Excitation (SEM-EDS, PIXE) 173



    7.6 Comparison of Methods 175



     



    8 Radiation Protection 177



    8.1 Basic Principles 177



    8.2 E¿ects of Ionizing Radiation on Human Tissue 178



    8.3 Natural Radiation Exposure 179



    8.4 Radiation Protection Regulations 181



    8.4.1 Legal Regulations 181



     



    9 Analysis of Homogeneous Solid Samples 183



    9.1 Iron Alloys 183



    9.2 Ni?Fe?Co Alloys 188



    9.3 Copper Alloys 189



    9.4 Aluminum Alloys 191



    9.5 Special Metals 192



    9.5.1 Refractories 192



    9.6 Precious Metals 195



    9.7 Glass Material 199



    9.8 Polymers 203



    9.9 Abrasion Analysis 209



     



    10 Analysis of Powder Samples 213



    10.1 Geological Samples 213



    10.2 Ores 216



    10.3 Soils and Sewage Sludges 221



    10.4 Quartz Sand 223



    10.5 Cement 223



    10.6 Coal and Coke 227



    10.7 Ferroalloys 230



    10.8 Slags 235



    10.9 Ceramics and Refractory Materials 237



    10.10 Dusts 239



    10.11 Food 242



    10.12 Pharmaceuticals 245



    10.13 Secondary Fuels 246



     



    11 Analysis of Liquids 253



    11.1 Multielement Analysis of Liquids 254



    11.2 Fuels and Oils 255



    11.3 Trace Analysis in Liquids 261



    11.4 Special Preparation Techniques for Liquid Samples 263



     



    12 Trace Analysis Using Total Re¿ection X-Ray Fluorescence 267



    12.1 Special Features of TXRF 267



    12.2 Sample Preparation for TXRF 269



    12.3 Evaluation of the Spectra 271



    12.4 Typical Applications of the TXRF 274



     



    13 Nonhomogeneous Samples 287



    13.1 Measurement Modes 287



    13.2 Instrument Requirements 288



    13.3 Data Evaluation 290



     



    14 Coating Analysis 291



    14.1 Analytical Task 291



    14.2 Sample Handling 292



    14.3 Measurement Technology 293



    14.4 The Analysis Examples of Coated Samples 294



     



    15 Spot Analyses 313



    15.1 Particle Analyses 313



    15.2 Identi¿cation of Inclusions 318



    15.3 Material Identi¿cation with Handheld Instruments 318



    15.4 Determination of Toxic Elements in Consumer Products: RoHS Monitoring 324



    15.5 Toxic Elements in Toys: Toys Standard 328



     



    16 Analysis of Element Distributions 331



    16.1 General Remarks 331



    16.2 Measurement Conditions 332



    16.3 Geology 333



    16.4 Electronics 342



    16.5 Archeometric Investigations 344



    16.6 Homogeneity Tests 350



     



    17 Special Applications of the XRF 355



    17.2 Chemometric Spectral Evaluation 358



    17.3 High-Resolution Spectroscopy for Speciation Analysis 361



     



    18 Process Control and Automation 367



    18.1 General Objectives 367



    18.2 O¿-Line and At-Line Analysis 369



    18.3 In-Line and On-Line Analysis 376



    19 Quality Management and Validation 379



    19.1 Motivation 379



    19.2 Validation 380



     



    Appendix A Tables 387



    Appendix B Important Information 419



    B.1 Coordinates of Main Manufacturers of Instruments and Preparation Tools 419



    B.2 Main Suppliers of Standard Materials 422



    B.3 Important Websites 425



    B.4 Laws and Acts, Which Are Important for X-Ray Fluorescence 427



     



    References 435



     



    Index 453