Preface xi
1 Introduction to Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) MXenes for Energy and Environmental Applications 1
Muhammad Tahir
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Layout of the Book 4
2 Fundamentals, Properties, and Characteristics of Titanium Carbides MXenes (Ti3C2Tx) 9
Areen Sherryna and Muhammad Tahir
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Fundamentals of MXene 10
2.3 Photocatalytic Attributes of MXene 17
2.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 24
3 Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) MXenes 33
Azmat Ali Khan, Muhammad Tahir, and Nazish Khan
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Different Synthesis Techniques of MXene 35
3.3 Characterization of MXenes 46
3.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 50
3.5 Raman Spectroscopy and Photoluminescence (PL) 50
3.6 Conclusions 51
4 Synthesis and Characterization of TiC MXene-Based Composites for Energy Storage and Conversion 57
Azmat A. Khan, Muhammad Tahir, Areen Sherryna, Muhammad Madi, Abdelmoumin Y. Zerga, Nazish Khan, and Naveen Kumar
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Synthesis of TiC-Based Composites 58
4.3 Characterization of Ti3C2-Based Composites 69
4.4 Conclusion 82
5 Titanium Carbide (TiC) MXene-Based Titanium Dioxide Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 87
Riyadh R. Ikreedeegh and Muhammad Tahir
5.1 Introduction 87
5.2 Recent Developments in TiC-Based TiO2Composites 88
5.3 TiC-Based TiO2 Composite for CO2 Reduction 96
5.4 TiC-Based TiO2 Composite for Hydrogen Production 100
5.5 TiC-Based TiO2 Composite for Degradation 102
6 Titanium Carbide (TiC) MXene-based Graphitic Carbon Nitride Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 115
Abdelmoumin Y. Zerga and Muhammad Tahir
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 Principle of Photocatalysis for Using MXene/g-C3N4 Composites 116
6.3 Applications of TiC MXene-based Carbon Nitride for H2 Evolution 118
6.4 Conclusions 127
7 Titanium Carbide MXene-Based MOF Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 133
Animesh T. Partho, Muhammad Tahir, and Naveen Kumar
7.1 Introduction 133
7.2 Overview of MXenes and MOFs for Photocatalytic Applications 135
7.3 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production 144
7.4 Photocatalytic Degradation Application 153
7.5 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Application 156
7.6 Conclusion and Outlook 158
8 Titanium Carbide (TiC) MXene-Based Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 169
Azmat A. Khan, Muhammad Tahir, and Nazish Khan
8.1 Introduction 169
8.2 Basic Principles of Energy Storage and Conversion 170
8.3 Properties of TiC MXene 175
8.4 Properties of LDH 176
8.5 Structural and Optical Properties of LDH/TiC MXene 177
8.6 LDH-Based TiCMXene Composite Applications 179
8.7 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Application 185
8.8 Photocatalytic Degradation Application 187
8.9 Conclusions and Future Recommendations 189
9 Titanium Carbide MXene-Based Perovskites Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 193
Mohamed Madi, Muhammad Tahir, and Naveen Kumar
9.1 Introduction 193
9.2 Properties and Application of Perovskite 194
9.3 Principle of Photocatalysis Using MXene/Perovskite Composite 195
9.4 Applications of TiC MXene-Based Perovskite Composite for CO2 Reduction 197
9.5 Applications of TiC MXene-Based Perovskite Composite for Degradation 199
9.6 Prospects and Challenges 201
9.7 Conclusions 202
10 Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) Based MXenes for Energy Storage Applications 207
Ebrima Ceesay, Shamaila Fatima, Muhammad Z. Iqbal, and Syed Rizwan
10.1 Introduction 207
10.2 Requirements for Energy Storage 208
10.3 Classification of MXenes 209
10.4 Synthesis of Titanium and Vanadium Carbide MXenes 212
10.5 Typical Characterization of MXenes 213
10.6 Electrochemical Energy Storage (EES) Devices 219
10.7 Thermodynamic and Cycle Stability of MXenes 224
10.8 Future Recommendations 226
10.9 Summary 227
Acknowledgments 227
References 228
Index 239
