Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
List of Contributors xix
1 Introduction to Nanofluids 1
K. Manjula
1.1 General Introduction to Nanofluid 2
1.2 Origin of Nanofluids 2
1.3 Principles of Nanofluids 3
1.4 Synthesis of Nanofluids 8
1.4.1 Heat Transfer Performance of Nanofluid 11
1.5 Properties of Nanofluids 16
1.5.1 Optical Qualities of Nanofluids 17
1.5.2 Thermal Properties of Nanofluids 20
1.5.3 Nanofluid Medical Approaches 25
1.6 Applications of Nanofluids 26
1.7 Conclusions 27
References 28
2 Nanofluid Technology: Fundamentals, Properties, and Engineering Applications 31
Ankur Kumar Sarma, Dipak Sarma and Sunmoni Mudoi
2.1 Overview 31
2.2 Methods of Preparation of Nanofluid 33
2.3 Classification of Nanofluids 34
2.3.1 Based on Types of Nanoparticles 34
2.3.2 Based on Base Fluids 36
2.3.3 Based on One-Phase and Two-Phase Models 37
2.3.4 Based on Nanoparticle Shape 37
2.3.5 Based on Dispersion Stability 38
2.3.6 Based on Functionalization or Cooling 38
2.4 Methods of Stabilization of Nanofluid 39
2.5 Properties of Nanofluids 40
2.6 Applications of Nanofluids 42
2.7 Advantages of Nanofluids 43
2.8 Disadvantages of Nanofluids 44
2.9 Future Outlook 45
2.10 Conclusion 46
References 46
3 Fundamentals of Heat Transfer 49
Abhijit Pattnayak and Krishna Priyadarshini Das
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Primary Modes of Heat Transfer 51
3.2.1 Conduction 51
3.2.1.1 Heat Conduction through a Composite Wall 53
3.2.2 Convection 54
3.2.3 Generalized Heat Transfer Equation 55
3.2.4 Radiation 56
3.2.4.1 Black Body and Related Terms 57
3.2.5 Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 57
3.2.6 Case Studies in Recent Years 60
3.2.7 Challenges in Nanofluids 62
3.3 Summary 64
References 64
4 Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluid 67
Atul Bhattad and Mohamed M. Awad
Nomenclature 67
Abbreviations 68
Greek Letters 68
Subscripts 69
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluid 69
4.2.1 Thermal Conductivity Measurement Device 70
4.2.2 Thermal Conductivity Correlations 70
4.3 Viscosity of Nanofluid 73
4.3.1 Viscosity Measurement Device 73
4.3.2 Viscosity Correlations 74
4.4 Density of Nanofluid 76
4.4.1 Density Measurement Device 77
4.4.2 Density Correlations 78
4.5 Specific Heat of Nanofluid 78
4.5.1 Specific Heat Measurement Device 79
4.5.2 Specific Heat Correlations 79
4.6 Important Findings with Explanations 79
4.7 Applications, Benefits, and Drawbacks 83
4.8 Highlights 85
References 85
5 Preparation and Stability of Nanofluids 89
Atul Bhattad and Mohamed M. Awad
Nomenclature 89
Abbreviation 90
Greek Letter 90
Subscripts 90
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Nanofluid Preparation 91
5.3 Nanofluid Characterization 95
5.4 Nanofluid Stability 95
5.5 Important Findings 96
5.6 Highlights 101
References 102
6 Thermophysical Characteristics and Analysis of Nanofluids 107
R. Gangadevi and S. Senthil Raja
Nomenclature 108
Subscript 108
6.1 Introduction 108
6.2 Bibliometric Analysis 111
6.3 Nanofluid Thermal Conductivity 113
6.3.1 Steady-State Thermal Conductivity Measurement Technique 114
6.3.1.1 Guarded Hot Plate Method 114
6.3.1.2 Merits of GHP Method 116
6.3.1.3 Demerits of GHP Method 116
6.3.2 Transient Thermal Conductivity Measurement Technique 116
6.3.2.1 Transient Hot Wire Method 116
6.3.3 Numerical Models of Thermal Conductivity Analysis 119
6.4 Nanofluid Viscosity Measurement 120
6.4.1 Numerical Models for Viscosity Analysis 124
6.5 Specific Heat Capacity 124
6.6 Conclusions 127
References 128
7 Advanced Nanofluids for Efficient Electronics Cooling 133
Rashi Bhargava, Ankit Agrawal and Kanchan Bhardwaj
7.1 Introduction 134
7.2 Importance of Electronics Cooling 135
7.3 Challenges in Traditional Cooling Methods 137
7.4 Thermal Properties of Nanofluids 137
7.5 Applications of Nanofluids in Electronics Cooling 140
7.6 Advantages of Nanofluids in Electronics Cooling 141
7.7 Challenges and Considerations 142
7.8 Future Prospects and Research Directions 144
7.9 Conclusion 146
References 147
8 Arrhenius Kinetics in Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow 149
Nagendramma, V. and Kavya, S.
Nomenclature 150
Subscripts 151
8.1 Introduction 152
8.2 Modeling of the Physical Problem 153
8.3 Problem Solution 159
8.3.1 Numerical Methodology 159
8.3.2 Numerical Validation 164
8.4 Graphical Discussion and Outcomes 165
8.5 Conclusion 176
References 177
9 Two-Phase Fluid Flow Over a Stretching Sheet 179
Aswin Kumar Rauta
Nomenclature 180
9.1 Introduction 181
9.1.1 Novelty of the Study 183
9.2 Geometry of the Problem and Flow Analysis 184
9.3 Governing Differential Equations 185
9.4 Solution Procedure 190
9.5 Interpretation of the Results 191
9.6 Summary of the Study 197
References 198
10 MHD Flow of Burgers' Fluid with Nanoparticles 201
V. Nagendramma
10.1 Introduction 201
10.2 Non-Newtonian Burgers' Fluid Rheological Model 204
10.3 Mathematical Formulation 204
10.4 Method of Solution 206
10.5 Results and Discussion 208
10.6 Conclusions 214
References 225
11 Computational Modeling of Blood-Based Tetrahybrid Nanofluid 229
Bhagyashri Patgiri and Neelav Sarma
Nomenclature 230
11.1 Introduction 231
11.2 Mathematical Formulation 234
11.3 Fluid Characteristics 236
11.3.1 Thermophysical Properties 236
11.3.2 Thermophysical Relationships 237
11.4 Dimensionless Transformation 239
11.5 Engineering Optimization Metrics 240
11.6 Results and Discussion 241
11.7 Conclusion 247
References 247
12 Nanofluid Heat Exchangers 253
Atul Bhattad and Mohamed M. Awad
Nomenclature 254
Abbreviations 254
Greek Letters 255
Subscripts 255
12.1 Introduction 255
12.2 Test Setup and Procedure 256
12.3 Data Analyses 258
12.4 Results and Discussion 261
12.5 Limitations and Challenges of Hybrid Nanofluids 267
12.6 Highlights 268
References 269
13 Entropy Analysis of Yamada-Ota Model-Based Ree-Eyring Nanofluid Flow 271
Tusar Kanti Das, Jintu Mani Nath and Mulinti Vinodkumar Reddy
Nomenclature 272
Greek Symbols 272
13.1 Introduction 272
13.2 Mathematical Problem 275
13.3 Methodology 279
13.4 Validation 280
13.5 Results and Discussion 280
13.6 Conclusions 288
References 289
14 Innovations in Industrial Nanofluid Heat Transfer 293
Tayyaba Akhtar, Muhammad Abid and Mohamed M. Awad
14.1 Introduction 294
14.2 Advancements in Nanoparticle Selection 295
14.2.1 Diverse Nanoparticle Types 295
14.2.1.1 Metallic Nanoparticles 296
14.2.1.2 Nonmetallic Nanoparticles 298
14.2.2 Impact of Particle Size and Shape 300
14.3 Enhanced Base Fluids and Formulations 301
14.3.1 Selection of Base Fluids 301
14.3.2 Hybrid Nanofluids 302
14.4 Improved Heat Transfer Mechanisms 302
14.5 Practical Challenges in Implementation 303
14.6 Industrial Applications 304
14.6.1 Electronics Cooling 305
14.6.2 Automotive Industry 305
14.7 Case Studies on Successful Industrial Implementations 306
14.7.1 Enhancing Thermal Management in High-Performance Computing 306
14.7.2 Optimizing Engine Cooling with Hybrid Nanofluids 307
14.7.3 Improving Efficiency in Solar PV/T Systems 308
14.7.4 Enhancing Heat Exchangers in Thermal Power Plants 309
14.7.5 Conclusion of Case Studies 309
14.8 Computational and Simulation Approaches in Nanofluid Research 310
14.8.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics: Modeling Flow and Heat Transfer 310
14.8.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulations: Understanding Nanoparticle Behavior 311
14.8.3 Hybrid Modeling Approaches: Combining Techniques for Improved Accuracy 311
14.8.4 Machine Learning and Data-Driven Modeling in Nanofluid Research 312
14.8.5 Conclusion of Computational and Simulation Approaches 312
14.9 Future Directions 313
14.10 Conclusion 314
References 314
15 Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 319
Abdulhalim Musa Abubakar, Issam Ferhoune, E.M. Mansour and Wisdom Chukwuemeke Ulakpa
15.1 Introduction 320
15.2 Radiative Properties of Conventional Fluids 323
15.3 Nanofluids: Composition and Properties 327
15.3.1 Definition and Types of Nanofluids 327
15.3.2 Influence of Nanoparticle Dispersion on Fluid Properties 330
15.4 Mechanisms of Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 331
15.5 Computational Modeling of Radiative Transfer in Nanofluids 337
15.5.1 Numerical Methods for Radiative Transfer in Nanofluids 337
15.5.2 Integration of Computational Models with Experimental Data 338
15.6 Experimental Studies on Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 341
15.7 Applications of Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanofluids 344
15.7.1 Energy Systems and Thermal Management 345
15.7.2 Cooling Technologies and Industrial Processes 345
15.7.3 Emerging Applications in Advanced Technologies 346
15.8 Opportunities for Advancing Nanofluid Technologies 347
15.8.1 Famous Research Impediments Reported 348
15.9 Conclusion 348
References 349
16 Thermal Radiation, Chemical Reaction, and Dufour Effects in Nanofluids 375
Dibya Jyoti Saikia, Puja Haloi and Nazibuddin Ahmed
16.1 Introduction 375
16.2 Mathematical Formulation 377
16.3 Solution of the Flow Issue 382
16.3.1 Skin Friction 384
16.3.2 Nusselt Number 384
16.3.3 Sherwood Number 385
16.4 Results and Discussion 385
16.5 Conclusion 393
References 394
17 Bioconvective Flow of Casson Nanofluid 397
Sanjalee Maheshwari, Ankita Bisht and Amit Sharma
17.1 Introduction 398
17.2 Mathematical Modeling 401
17.3 Solution Methodology 404
17.4 Outcomes and Discussion 405
17.5 Concluding Remarks 410
References 411
18 Heat Transfer Examination of an Unsteady Radiating Non-Newtonian Flow Conveying Different Nanoparticles Over a Permeable Elongating Sheet 413
Abderrahim Wakif
18.1 Introduction 413
18.2 Mathematical Formulation 414
18.3 Numerical Procedure and Accuracy of Results 421
18.4 Results and Discussion 426
18.5 Final Outcomes 434
Acknowledgements 435
References 435
19 Advanced Stochastic Modeling of Ternary Nanofluid Flow Over Rotating Parallel Plates 437
G.K. Ramesh, J.K. Madhukesh and Umair Khan
19.1 Introduction 438
19.2 Research Methodology 441
19.2.1 Thermophysical Properties 445
19.2.2 Numerical Scheme 446
19.3 Results and Discussion 448
19.3.1 Analysis of Results 448
19.3.2 Discussion and Justification of Results 450
19.4 ANN Modeling 451
19.5 Final Remarks 460
References 460
About the Editors 463
Index 465
