Contributing Author List xiii
Aim & Scope xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgement xxi
1 Introduction to Non-Newtonian Fluids 1
D. D. Ganji
1.1 Overview 2
1.1.1 Definition 2
1.1.2 Importance of the Non-Newtonian Fluids 7
1.1.3 Governing Equations for the Newtonian Fluids 9
1.1.3.1 Vectorial Governing Equations for Newtonian Fluids 9
1.1.4 Governing Equations for the Non-Newtonian Fluids 16
1.1.4.1 Vectorial Governing Equations for Non-Newtonian Fluids 16
1.1.5 Recent Advances in Non-Newtonian Fluids 18
1.1.6 Summary 23
References 25
2 Viscoelastic Fluid Models 29
Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Atul Kumar Shukla and Dhananjay Yadav
2.1 Fluids 30
2.1.1 Molecular Perspective 30
2.1.2 Newtonian Fluids 30
2.1.3 Non-Newtonian Fluids 31
2.2 Viscoelastic Fluids 32
2.2.1 Differences between Newtonian, Non-Newtonian, and Viscoelastic Fluids 33
2.2.2 Real-World Examples and Applications 33
2.3 Viscoelastic Fluid Models 34
2.3.1 Rivlin-Ericksen Fluids 34
2.3.2 Reiner-Rivlin Fluids 36
2.3.3 Maxwell Fluids 37
2.3.4 Oldroyd Fluids 37
2.3.5 Power Law Fluids 38
2.3.6 Bingham Plastic Fluids 39
2.3.7 Ellis Fluids 40
2.3.8 Reiner-Philippoff Fluids 41
2.3.9 Prandtl Fluids 42
2.3.10 Eyring Fluids 42
2.3.11 Power-Eyring Fluids 43
2.3.12 Williamson Fluids 44
2.3.13 Walters' B Fluids 45
2.4 Applications of Viscoelastic Fluids in Industry and Nature 45
2.4.1 Biomedical Engineering: Blood Flow and Circulatory Dynamics 45
2.4.2 Biomedical Innovations: Targeted Drug Delivery 46
2.4.3 Polymer Processing: Manufacturing and Material Design 46
2.4.4 Food Industry: Texture and Stability 46
2.4.5 Geophysical Flows: Lava, Glaciers, and Mudslides 47
2.4.6 Environmental Engineering: Oil Spills and Sediment Transport 47
2.4.7 Energy and Industrial Fluids: Hydraulic Fracturing and Drilling 47
2.4.8 Ecological Adaptations: Biological Fluids and Mucus 48
2.5 Recent Advances and Emerging Trends in Viscoelastic Fluid Flow 48
2.5.1 Machine Learning in Viscoelastic Flow Modeling 48
2.5.2 Data-Driven Constitutive Model Discovery 48
2.5.3 Multiscale Modeling: Bridging Molecular and Continuum Scales 49
2.5.4 Hybrid Approaches for Complex Flow Regimes 49
2.5.5 Cutting-Edge Experimental Techniques for Validation 50
2.5.6 Machine Vision and Real-Time Feedback Loops 50
2.5.7 Interdisciplinary Fusion and Future Directions 50
2.5.8 Sustainability and Industry 4.0 Applications 51
2.6 Conclusion 51
References 51
3 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for Non-Newtonian Fluids 55
K. Jyothi, Yeddula Rameswara Reddy, Ramachandra Reddy Vaddemani, Raghunath Kodi and Dhananjay Yadav
3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Problem 58
3.3 Numerical Method of Solution 62
3.3.1 The Finite-Element Method 62
3.3.2 Variational Formulation 64
3.3.3 Finite-Element Formulation 64
3.4 Results and Discussions 72
3.5 Table Discussions 78
3.6 Conclusions 79
References 80
Nomenclature 82
4 Exploring Heat and Mass Diffusion in Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow over a Stretching Surface in a Non-Darcy Variable Porous Medium: An Analysis by Finite Difference Scheme 85
Sahin Ahmed, Bikash Das and Anil Nangkar
4.1 Introduction 86
4.1.1 Research Questions 88
4.2 Mathematical Formulation 88
4.3 Research Methodology 92
4.4 Stability and Validation 93
4.5 Results and Discussion 94
4.6 Conclusions 98
Nomenclature 98
References 100
5 Exploring Non-Newtonian Fluid Dynamics in Porous Media: A CNT-Water Diven Analytical Approach in Vertical Channels 103
Sahin Ahmed, Nava Jyoti Hazarika, Eny Tayang and Dhananjay Yadav
Nomenclature 104
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Mathematical Formulation 109
5.3 Validity and Accuracy 114
5.4 Results and Discussion 115
5.5 Conclusion 120
Bibliography 121
6 Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow in Porous Media 125
Yeddula Rameswara Reddy, Damodara Reddy Annapureddy, K. Jyothi, Raghunath Kodi, Dhananjay Yadav and Ramachandra Reddy Vaddemani
6.1 Introduction 126
6.2 Problem Formulation 129
6.3 Physical Quantities 132
6.4 Code Validation 132
6.5 Result and Discussion 132
6.6 Conclusion 141
References 142
7 Effect of Couple Stresses on Thermal Convection of Navier-Stokes-Voigt Fluid in Porous Media 147
Sunil, Sweta Sharma, Deepak Kumar and Poonam Sharma
7.1 Introduction 148
7.2 Geometrical Configuration and Mathematical Formulation 153
7.2.1 Governing Equations 153
7.2.2 Basic State and Perturbation Equations 155
7.2.3 Dimensionless Perturbation Equations 156
7.2.4 Boundary Conditions 158
7.3 Nonlinear Analysis 158
7.3.1 Conditional Energy Stability 159
7.3.2 Variational Principle 161
7.4 Linear Analysis 163
7.4.1 Principle of Exchange of Stabilities 164
7.5 Solution Methodology 165
7.6 Results and Discussion 167
7.7 Conclusions 170
7.8 Applications 171
References 173
8 Convective Heat Transfer and Subcritical Dynamics in Rotating Ferrofluids with Couple Stresses in Porous Media Under Non-Equilibrium Conditions 177
Sunil, Akanksha Thakur and Reeta Devi
8.1 Introduction 178
8.2 Formulation of the Problem 181
8.2.1 Geometrical Configuration and Governing Equations 181
8.2.2 Basic State 183
8.2.3 Nondimensionalized Perturbation Equations 183
8.3 Nonlinear Analysis 186
8.3.1 Generalized Energy Functional 188
8.4 Variational Principle 191
8.5 Method of Solution 193
8.5.1 Free-Free Boundaries 194
8.5.2 Rigid-Rigid Boundaries 195
8.6 Results and Discussion 195
8.6.1 Effect of Couple Stresses 196
8.6.2 Effect of Magnetization 198
8.6.3 Effect of Medium Permeability 199
8.6.4 Effect of Rotation 200
8.6.5 Effect of Porosity-Modified Conductivity Ratio 201
8.6.6 Effect of Heat Transfer Coefficient 202
8.7 Conclusions 203
8.8 Applications 204
References 205
9 Non-Newtonian Casson Fluid through a Porous Rotating Channel with Seepage Flow 209
Abdul Faiz Ansari, Sameera Iqram, Vinod Y., Mohd. Asif and Piyush Jaiswal
9.1 Introduction 210
9.2 Problem Formulation 212
9.3 Solution of Problem 213
9.4 Results and Discussion 215
9.5 Conclusion 219
References 220
10 Stationary Thermosolutal Convection of a Rotating Walters' (Model B') Nanofluid in a Porous Medium Under Rigid-Rigid and Rigid-Free Boundary Conditions 223
Pushap Lata Sharma, Praveen Lata, Ajit Kumar, G.C. Rana and Dhananjay Yadav
10.1 Introduction 224
10.2 Mathematical Model 225
10.2.1 Governing Equations 226
10.2.2 Basic State Solutions 229
10.2.3 Perturbation Solutions 230
10.2.4 Normal Mode Analysis 231
10.3 Linear Stability Analysis 232
10.3.1 For Rigid-Rigid Boundaries 232
10.3.1.1 Stationary Convection 232
10.3.2 For Rigid-Free Boundaries 233
10.3.2.1 Stationary Convection 234
10.4 Result and Discussion 235
10.5 Conclusion 240
References 241
11 Study of Two-Phase Flow Characteristics Due to Stretching Sheet 243
Aswin Kumar Rauta
Nomenclature 244
11.1 Introduction 245
11.2 Modeling of the Problem 247
11.3 Flow Analysis and Coordinate System 248
11.4 Solution Method 251
11.5 Discussion 252
11.6 Conclusions 258
References 259
12 Thermophoresis and Brownian Movement Impact on Maxwell Fluid Flow Over Permeable Stretching Sheet with Variable Magnetic Field 263
S.M. Sachhin, G. M. Sachin, K. R. Harshitha, U.S. Mahabaleshwar and M. K. Awasthi
12.1 Introduction 264
12.2 Mathematical Analysis 266
12.3 Numerical Method and Solution 268
12.4 Results and Discussion 270
12.5 Conclusion 276
References 276
13 Arrhenius Activation Energy and Viscosity Ratio Impact on Casson Fluid Flow Across Porous Stretching Surface with Variable Magnetic Field 279
S.M. Sachhin, G. M. Sachin, U.S. Mahabaleshwar and M. K. Awasthi
13.1 Introduction 280
13.2 Mathematical Analysis 282
13.3 Numerical Method and Solution 284
13.4 Results and Discussion 286
13.5 Conclusion 294
References 295
14 Computational Fluid Dynamics Examination of Non¿Newtonian Fluid Flows over an Exponentially Extending Surface with Thermal Source/Sink 297
Priyanka Chandra and Raja Das
14.1 Introduction 298
14.2 Mathematical Formulation 300
14.3 Computational Fluid Dynamic Tools: FEM 303
14.3.1 Variational Formulation 304
14.3.2 Finite-Element Formulation 305
14.4 Results Analysis 306
14.5 Conclusion 314
Acknowledgement 315
References 315
15 Non-Newtonian Fluids in Environmental Engineering 319
Abdulhalim Musa Abubakar, Suleiman A. Wali, Abubakar Mohammed and Vivek Kumar Pandey
15.1 Introduction 320
15.2 Characteristics of Non-Newtonian Fluids 321
15.3 Modeling Non-Newtonian Fluids 323
15.4 Case Studies 324
15.4.1 Sediment Transport in Rivers and Estuaries 324
15.4.2 Impact of Non-Newtonian Behavior on Deposition and Erosion 325
15.4.3 Biofilm Development in Wastewater Treatment 326
15.4.4 Implications for Nutrient and Pollutant Removal 327
15.5 CFD Simulation Techniques 328
15.6 Challenges in Measurement and Modeling 330
15.6.1 Difficulties in Assessing Non-Newtonian Properties 330
15.6.2 Environmental Factors Affecting Fluid Behavior 330
15.7 Applications in Environmental Engineering 332
15.8 Conclusion 332
References 336
16 Non-Newtonian Fluid Dynamics in Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing 355
Gandhimathi G., Chellaswamy C., Geetha T. S. and Awad M. M.
16.1 Introduction to Non-Newtonian Fluids in Additive Manufacturing 356
16.1.1 Overview of Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies 356
16.1.2 Importance of Non-Newtonian Fluid Behavior in 3D Printing 357
16.1.3 Comparison of Newtonian vs. NNF in Printing Applications 357
16.2 Rheology and Material Behavior in 3D Printing 359
16.2.1 Shear-Thinning and Shear-Thickening Effects in Printing Fluids 359
16.2.2 Viscoelasticity and Its Impact on Printability 360
16.2.3 Yield Stress Behavior in Paste-Like Printing Materials 360
16.2.4 Thixotropy and Structural Recovery During Deposition 361
16.2.5 Types of Non-Newtonian Materials in Additive Manufacturing 361
16.3 Deposition Techniques for Non-Newtonian Fluids 362
16.3.1 Flow Behavior and Nozzle Design Considerations 362
16.3.2 Resin Viscosity and Curing Dynamics 363
16.3.3 Droplet Formation and Spreading for High-Precision Deposition 364
16.3.4 Interaction of Binders and Powder Flowability 364
16.4 Computational Modeling and Simulation 365
16.4.1 Governing Equations for Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow in 3D Printing 365
16.4.2 Momentum Equation (Navier-Stokes for NNF) 367
16.4.3 Temperature Distribution in Thermoresponsive Nanofluid 370
16.4.4 Case Study 1 374
16.4.5 Case Study: 2 378
16.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 379
References 380
About the Editors 383
Index 385
