Shades of Black Diversity in African American Identity

"In his book, Mr. Cross presents the results of his close re-reading of the original data from the literature on black identity from 1939 to 1967. Almost without exception, he says, the scholars involved committed two significant errors: They drew conclusions about adult identity from the results of research among preschool-aged children. In addition, they used measures that assessed social attitudes-views about racial identity-but interpreted their findings as if they had also measured elements of personality, such as self-esteem and self-hatred."
-The Chronicle of Higher Education