Preface to the First Edition xv
Preface to the Second Edition xvi
The Noun 1
Gender
1 First and second declensions [30-2, 34] 1
2 Soft-sign nouns [33] 2
3 Common gender [35] 2
4 Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin [36] 2
5 Differentiation of gender through suffixes. Professions [43-4] 3
6 Animals [45] 4
Declension
7 Animacy [47] 4
8 Nouns which have a plural form only [49] 5
9 First declension: masculine nouns [50-2] 5
10 Partitive genitive in -¿/-¿ [53] 6
11 Prepositional/locative singular in -ý/- [54] 7
12 Special masculine plural forms [55] 7
13 First declension: neuter nouns in -o [58] 8
14 First declension: nouns in -e, -¿¿, -¿, -¿¿ [59] 9
15 Second declension: nouns in -¿/-¿ [61] 9
16 Third declension: soft-sign feminine nouns [63] 11
17 Declension of neuter nouns in -¿¿ [64] 12
18 Declension of nouns in -¿¿/-¿¿ [65] 12
19 ¿é¿¿ and ¿ ¿¿ [68] 12
20 Declension of first names/surnames [69-70] 13
21 Apposition in the names of publications, towns etc. [72] 13
22 Agreement of ¿¿¿, ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ó etc. [75] 14
Case Usage
23 The nominative [77] 14
24 The accusative [79] 15
25 The genitive [80-2] 15
26 The partitive genitive [83-4] 16
27 Genitive and negative [86] 17
28 Genitive and accusative after negated verbs [87] 17
29 Verbs that take the genitive [88] 18
30 The dative as indirect object of a verb [89] 21
31 Verbs that take the dative [90] 21
32 Impersonal constructions using the dative [92] 22
33 The instrumental of function [94] 23
34 The instrumental in passive constructions [96] 23
35 Verbs that take the instrumental [99] 24
36 The instrumental of dimension [101] 24
37 The instrumental as predicate [102] 25
38 Nouns in apposition [103] 26
Revision exercises: case usage 26
The Pronoun 31
39 Personal pronouns [110] 31
40 The pronoun ¿ [113] 32
41 The pronouns ¿¿ and ¿¿ [115] 32
42 The third-person pronouns (¿¿, ¿¿á, ¿¿ó, ¿¿ ) [116] 33
43 The Reflexive pronoun ¿¿¿ [117] 33
44 The possessive pronouns ¿¿¿, ¿¿¿¿, ¿¿¿, ¿¿¿ [118] 34
45 The possessive pronouns ¿¿ó, ¿¿, ¿¿ [119] 34
46 The Reflexive possessive pronoun ¿¿¿¿, ¿¿¿ , ¿¿¿¿,¿¿¿ [120] 35
47 ¿¿¿, ¿¿¿, ¿¿¿ó¿, ¿¿¿ó¿¿¿, ¿¿¿ as interrogative pronouns [121-2] 35
48 ¿¿¿ó¿¿¿, ¿¿¿, ¿¿¿ and ¿¿¿ as relative pronouns [123] 36
49 The demonstrative pronouns ¿¿¿ and ¿¿¿ [125-6] 38
50 ¿¿¿ and ¿á¿¿¿ [131] 38
51 ¿¿¿¿, ¿é¿¿¿, ¿¿B¿¿¿, ¿á¿¿¿¿, ¿¿¿ó¿ [132] 39
52 ¿¿¿¿ó [134] 39
53 ¿¿¿¿ó [135] 40
54 ¿¿¿¿¿ó¿ and ¿¿¿é¿ [136] 41
55 The 'potential' negative pronouns ¿é¿¿¿¿, ¿é¿¿¿¿ [137] 41
56 Indefinite pronouns with the particles -¿¿, -¿¿¿¿¿¿ [138] 42
57 ¿é¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ [141] 44
58 Other parts of speech which can also function as pronouns [143] 44
The Adjective 45
The Long Form of the Adjective
59 'Mixed' declension [146] 45
60 Soft-ending adjectives [147] 45
61 Formation of adjectives from nouns: the suffixes -¿-, -¿¿-and -ö-/-e¿- [148] 46
62 Attributive use of the long adjective [155] 46
63 Use of the long adjective with predicative meaning [156] 48
Revision exercises: declension of adjectives 48
The Short Form of the Adjective
64 Endings of the short form of the adjective [159] 50
65 The mobile vowels -¿-, -o- and -¿- in the masculine short form [161] 50
66 Some special short forms [162] 50
67 Short forms: pairs of opposites [168] 51
68 Adjectives of dimension [169] 51
69 Delimitation of meaning by the oblique case of a noun or pronoun [170] 52
70 Delimitation of meaning by a prepositional phrase [171] 53
Revision exercises: short-form and long-form adjectives 53
The Comparative Degree of the Adjective
71 The attributive comparative with ¿ó¿¿¿ [177] 55
72 One-word attributive comparatives [178] 56
73 Predicative comparative forms in -¿¿ [179] 56
74 Comparative short forms in -e in predicative meaning [180-1] 57
75 Constructions with the comparative [182] 58
76 Other functions of the short-form comparative [184] 59
The Superlative Degree of the Adjective
77 The superlative degree with ¿á¿¿¿ [185] 60
78 ¿b¿I¿¿¿¿ and ¿¿¿¿¿¿ [186] 60
The Numeral 61
Cardinal, Collective and Indefinite Numerals
79 The cardinal numeral [190] 61
80 Declension of cardinal numerals [191] 62
81 The numeral ¿¿¿¿, ¿¿¿á, ¿¿¿ó, ¿¿¿¿ [193] 62
82 ¿¿¿¿¿¿á/¿¿¿¿¿¿b¿I, ¿¿¿/¿¿¿, ¿¿¿, ¿¿¿H¿¿, ó¿¿/ó¿¿ [194] 63
83 Numerals five and above [195] 64
84 Agreement of oblique cases of numerals ¿¿¿¿¿¿á/¿¿¿¿¿¿b¿I to 999 with oblique plural forms of nouns [196] 65
85 Declension of compound numerals [198] 66
86 Collective numerals [200] 67
87 Indefinite numerals [201] 68
88 Agreement of the predicate with a subject that contains a numeral [202] 69
Ordinal Numerals
89 Formation of ordinal numerals. Usage [203-4] 70
Special Functions of Numerals
90 Telling the time [206] 71
91 Giving the date [207] 73
92 Numerals in compound nouns and adjectives [211] 74
The Verb 75
Conjugation
93 First-conjugation verbs with stems ending in a vowel [215] 75
94 First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems I [216] 77
95 First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems II: verbs in -¿¿¿ with consonant mutation throughout conjugation [217] 78
96 First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems III: verbs in -¿¿, -¿¿¿/-¿¿¿, -¿¿ [218] 79
97 Present-future endings in the second conjugation [220-1] 81
98 Consonant change in the conjugation of second-conjugation verbs [222] 82
Revision exercises: conjugation of verbs 82
99 The verb 'to be' [226] 84
100 Formation of and stress in the imperative [227-8] 85
Revision exercise: imperative mood 86
101 Formation of the past tense [230-1] 86
102 The mobile vowel -o- in conjugation [234] 89
Aspect
103 Introductory [235]. Formation of the perfective by prefixation [239].Submeanings of perfectives [242] 89
104 The formation of imperfectives from prefixed first-conjugation verbs [244] 91
105 Secondary imperfectives based on second-conjugation verbs [246] 91
106 Consonant mutation in secondary imperfectives based on second-conjugation verbs [247] 91
107 Secondary imperfectives based on monosyllabic verbs [248] 92
108 The differentiation of aspects by conjugation. Aspectival pairs with different roots. Verbs which are reflexive in the imperfective aspect only [250-2] 92
109 Compounds of -¿¿¿¿¿¿ [253] 94
110 Meanings of verbal prefixes [254] 94
111 The imperfective and perfective aspects [255] 95
112 Aspect in the present tense [256] 97
113 Aspect in the past tense [257] 98
114 Use of the imperfective past to denote an action and its reverse [259] 99
115 Use of the imperfective past to denote a forthcoming event [261] 100
116 Negated verbs in the past [262] 100
117 Aspect in the future [263] 101
118 The 'logical' future [264] 102
119 The future in reported speech [265] 102
120 Use of the future to express repeated actions [266] 103
121 Use of the imperative in the context of a single action [270] 103
122 Use of the imperative to exhort and invite [271] 104
123 Negative commands/warnings [273] 104
124 Aspect in the infinitive. Introductory [276] 105
125 Use of the infinitive to denote habitual actions [277] 105
126 Use of the imperfective infinitive after verbs of beginning, continuing and concluding [278] 106
127 Inadvisable and advisable actions [279] 106
128 A request to perform/not to perform an action [280] 107
Revision exercises: aspect 108
Reflexive Verbs
129 Reflexive verbs. The 'true' Reflexive [284-5] 110
130 Intransitive Reflexives [287] 111
131 Reflexive verbs with passive meaning [288] 112
132 Reciprocal meanings [289] 112
The Passive Voice
133 The passive voice [300-3] 113
The Conditional and Subjunctive Moods
134 The conditional mood [304-5] 114
135 Use of the subjunctive to express wish or desire [308] 115
136 The subjunctive of purposeful endeavour [309] 116
137 Purpose clauses [310] 117
138 The expression of hypothesis [311] 117
139 Concessive constructions [312] 118
Constructions Expressing Obligation, Necessity, Possibility or Potential
140 The expression of obligation and necessity [313] 119
141 The expression of possibility or potential [314] 120
Verbs of Motion
142 Unidirectional and multidirectional verbs of motion. Conjugation [315-16] 121
143 Imperatives and past tense of verbs of motion [317-18] 121
144 'To go': ¿¿¿¿/¿¿¿¿¿¿ and é¿¿¿¿/é¿¿¿¿¿ [319] 122
145 Functions of unidirectional verbs of motion [3 20] 122
146 Unidirectional verbs in frequentative contexts [321] 123
147 Functions of multidirectional verbs of motion [322] 123
148 Use of the past tense of a multidirectional verb to denote a single return journey. Perfectives of unidirectional verbs [323/326] 124
149 The verbs ¿¿¿¿¿, ¿¿¿¿¿¿; ¿¿¿¿¿, ¿¿¿¿¿¿; ¿¿¿¿¿, ¿¿¿¿¿¿. Translation of 'to drive' [324-5] 125
150 Perfectives of multidirectional verbs [329] 126
151 Compound verbs of motion [331] 126
152 Prefixed verbs of motion [332/334] 128
153 Spelling rules in the formation of compound verbs of motion [333] 129
154 Use of the imperfective past of a compound verb of motion to denote an action and its reverse [335] 129
155 Figurative and idiomatic uses of compound verbs of motion [336] 130
156 Perfectives in c- based on multidirectional verbs [337] 130
Participles
157 Present active participle. Formation and stress [340-1] 131
158 The past active participle. Formation and stress [342-3] 132
159 The imperfective passive participle. Formation and stress [344-7] 133
160 Formation of the perfective passive participle from infinitives in -¿¿¿/-¿¿¿ [349] 134
161 Formation of the long-form (attributive) participle from verbs in -¿¿¿/-¿¿¿ [351] 135
162 Formation of the short-form participle from second-conjugation verbs in -¿¿¿/-¿¿¿ [352] 135
163 Consonant mutation in participles from second-conjugation infinitives in -¿¿¿/-¿¿¿ [353] 136
164 Formation of the long-form (attributive) participle from second-conjugation verbs in -¿¿¿/-¿¿¿ [354] 137
165 Formation of perfective passive participles (short form) from verbs in -¿¿, -¿¿, -¿¿¿, -¿¿¿ [355] 138
166 Long-form participles from verbs in -¿¿, -¿¿,-¿¿¿, -¿¿¿ [356] 139
167 Perfective passive participles in -¿ [357] 140
168 The long form of participles in -¿ [358] 140
169 Functions of short-form participles [359] 140
170 Functions of long-form participles [360] 141
171 Agreement of long-form participle and noun [361] 143
172 Text on participles [339-66] 145
Gerunds
173 Formation of/stress in the imperfective gerund. Lack of an imperfective gerund [368-71] 146
174 Formation of the perfective gerund [372-6] 147
175 Functions of the gerunds [377] 148
176 Special features of constructions with gerunds [378] 149
The Adverb 150
177 Adverbs derived from adjectives/nouns [382-3] 150
178 Adverbs derived from pronouns [386] 151
179 Primary spatial adverbs [387] 152
180 Primary adverbs of time [388] 152
181 ¿¿¿, ¿¿¿ ¿¿, ¿¿¿ ¿¿¿ [389-90] 153
182 The temporal adverbs ¿ó¿¿¿, ¿¿¿¿ó and ¿¿¿á¿¿¿ [391] 153
183 ¿ó¿¿, ¿á¿¿¿ [394] 154
184 Indefinite adverbs (adverbs in -¿¿ and -¿¿¿¿¿¿) [395] 154
185 The negative adverbs ¿¿¿¿é, ¿¿¿¿¿á, ¿¿¿¿¿ý¿¿, ¿¿¿¿¿¿á,¿¿¿á¿, ¿¿¿¿ó¿¿¿¿ [396] 155
186 The negative adverbs ¿é¿¿¿, ¿é¿¿¿¿, ¿é¿¿¿¿¿, ¿é¿¿¿¿¿¿,¿é¿¿¿¿¿ [397] 156
187 Comparative adverbs [398] 156
188 The superlative adverb [400] 157
The Preposition 158
189 The prepositions ¿/¿¿/¿¿¿ [402] 158
190 The mobile vowel -¿ [404] 158
Spatial Prepositions
191 ¿ and ¿¿ + prepositional/accusative, ¿¿/¿ + genitive [408] 159
192 The use of ¿ and ¿¿ with geographical terminology and the names of organizations, buildings and parts of buildings [409] 160
193 Nouns which may be used with ¿ and ¿¿, but with different meanings [410] 162
194 Accusative of destination and genitive of withdrawal [411] 164
195 Uses of ¿¿ when the dependent noun denotes an activity, event [412] 165
196 ¿ and ¿¿: extension of the spatial meanings [413] 165
Prepositions that Denote the Position of an Object in Relation to another Object
197 ¿a + instrumental/accusative, ¿¿-¿¿ + genitive [414] 165
198 ¿¿¿¿¿ + instrumental, ¿¿¿¿¿¿ + genitive [416] 166
199 ¿¿¿ + instrumental/accusative, ¿¿-¿¿¿ + genitive [417] 166
200 ¿¿¿ + instrumental, ¿¿¿é¿¿ + genitive [418] 167
Prepositions that Denote Spatial Closeness to an Object, Movement towards or Away from an Object
201 ¿ + genitive, ¿ + dative, ¿¿ + genitive [420] 168
Prepositions that Denote Along, Across, Through a Spatial Area
202 ¿¿ + dative; ¿¿¿¿¿, ¿¿¿ò¿¿ + accusative; ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿,
¿¿ò¿¿ + genitive [424] 169
Temporal Prepositions
203 Telling the time [426] 170
204 Days [427] 171
205 Parts of a day [428] 172
206 Weeks, months, years and centuries [429] 172
207 ¿¿ ¿¿é¿¿, ¿ ¿¿¿é¿¿¿ [430] 173
The Use of Prepositions to Denote Action in Relation to Various Time Limits
208 The use of ¿ + genitive, ¿¿ + genitive to denote terminal points in time [434] 174
209 Use of ¿ + dative and ¿¿[¿ + accusative to denote temporal approach [435] 174
210 Use of ¿/¿¿ + accusative to denote the time taken to complete an action. Use of ¿ + accusative to denote the period during which an action occurs a stated number of times [436-7] 175
211 Use of prepositions to denote sequence in time (before, after etc.) [439] 176
Other Meanings
212 Prepositions with causal meaning [443] 177
213 Prepositions that denote the object of feelings and attitudes [444] 178
214 Prepositions that denote extent [445] 178
215 Prepositions that denote purpose [446] 179
216 ¿¿ + dative/accusative in distributive meaning [448] 179
Other Important Meanings Expressed by Prepositions
217 Prepositions that take the accusative [449] 179
218 Prepositions that take the genitive [450] 181
219 Prepositions that take the dative, instrumental or prepositional [451-3] 183
The Conjunction 185
Co-ordinating Conjunctions
220 Connective and adversative conjunctions [455-6] 185
221 Disjunctive conjunctions [457] 186
Subordinating Conjunctions
222 Explanatory conjunctions [458] 187
223 Conjunctions of purpose [460] 187
224 Temporal conjunctions. Introductory and those which render 'before', 'after', 'until', 'since' [465-6] 188
225 Other conjunctions of time [467] 189
The Particle 191
226 'Almost', 'only' [471] 191
227 Modal functions of particles [472] 192
Word Order 194
228 'New' and 'given' information [476] 194
229 Relative position of subject and verb [477] 195
230 Subject, verb, object [478] 196
231 The position of the adverb [480] 198
232 Sentences that contain more than one adverb or adverbial phrase [481] 199
Grammar Quiz 200
Key 202
