About the Editors xxi
List of Contributors xxv
Foreword xxxi
Preface xxxiii
Part I Structure of the Energy Business 1
1 Economic Growth and the Global Energy Demand 3
Jürgen Scheffran, Miriam Felkers and Rebecca Froese
1.1 Historical Context and Relationship Between Energy and Development 3
1.2 Conceptual Framework for Pathways of Energy Use 6
1.3 World Population Trends and Prospects 7
1.4 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Economic Growth 8
1.5 Global Energy Development 11
1.6 Global Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 14
1.7 Linkages Between Kaya Factors 16
1.8 Development of Energy Investment 28
1.9 Conditions for Energy Transition and Decarbonization 31
1.10 Perspectives 37
Acknowledgments 38
References 38
2 The Energy Mix in Japan Post-Fukushima 45
Seiji Nakagame
2.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions by Japan 45
2.2 Energy Dependence 46
2.3 The Energy Policy of Japan 48
2.4 Paris Agreement 49
2.5 Prospective Energy Demand 50
2.6 Improvement in Energy Efficiency 50
2.7 Reduction of CO2 Emission in Electric Generation 51
2.8 Development of New Technologies for Decreasing GHG Emissions 51
2.9 Production and Use of Bioethanol in Japan 51
2.10 Production and Use of Hydrocarbons in Japan 52
2.11 Production and Use of Hydrogen in Japan 52
2.12 Contributions of the Japanese Government to Fundamental Research and Development 52
2.13 Perspectives 53
References 53
3 Green Energy in Africa, Asia, and South America 57
Daniel de Castro Assumpção, Marcelo Hamaguchi, José Dilcio Rocha and Adriano P. Mariano
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 South America 58
3.3 Africa 62
3.4 Southeast Asia 66
3.5 China 69
3.6 Global Perspectives 72
References 72
4 The Development of Solar Energy Generation Technologies and Global Production Capabilities 77
F. John Hay and N. Ianno
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 Sunlight and Photosynthesis 78
4.3 Photovoltaic Devices 79
4.4 Overview of Solar Photovoltaic Applications 82
4.5 Perspectives 83
References 84
5 Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges of Sustainable Aviation Fuel 85
Libing Zhang, Terri L. Butler and Bin Yang
5.1 Introduction 85
5.2 Overview of the Jet Fuel Market 86
5.3 Assessment of Environmental Policy and Economic Factors Affecting the Aviation Industry 93
5.4 Current Activities Around Biojet in the Aviation Industry 98
5.5 Challenges of Future Biojet Fuel Development 100
5.6 Perspectives 104
Acknowledgments 105
References 105
6 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Automotive Manufacturing Industry 111
Sandra D. Gaona, Cheryl Keenan, Cyril Vallet, Lawrence Reichle and Stephen C. DeVito
6.1 Introduction 111
6.2 Overview of the Automotive Manufacturing Industry 112
6.3 Chemicals and Chemical Waste in Automotive Manufacturing 114
6.4 Pollution Prevention in Automotive Manufacturing 121
6.5 Perspectives 131
Disclaimer 134
References 134
7 The Global Demand for Biofuels and Biotechnology-Derived Commodity Chemicals: Technologies, Markets, and Challenges 137
Stephen R. Hughes and Marjorie A. Jones
7.1 Introduction 137
7.2 Overview of Global Energy Demand 137
7.3 Petroleum Demand and Petroleum Products for Potential Replacement by Bioproducts 140
7.4 Role of Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals in Renewable Energy Demand 143
7.5 Achieving Petroleum Replacement with Biobased Fuels and Chemicals 145
7.6 Projections of Global Demand for Biobased Fuels and Chemicals 149
7.7 Potential Impacts on Price of Transportation Fuels and Chemicals Assuming Various Scenarios of World Economic Growth 151
7.8 Projection of Energy-Related CO2 Emissions With or Without Remediation Technology 151
7.9 Government Impact on Demand for Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals 152
7.10 Perspectives 154
References 155
Part II Chemicals and Transportation Fuels from Biomass 157
8 Sustainable Platform Chemicals from Biomass 159
Ankita Juneja and Vijay Singh
8.1 Introduction 159
8.2 2-Carbon 161
8.3 3-Carbon 163
8.4 4-Carbon 166
8.5 5-Carbon 169
8.6 6-Carbon 171
8.7 Perspectives 174
References 175
9 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds: Potentials of Industrial Scale Production 185
Licheng Peng, Freeman Lan and Christopher Q. Lan
9.1 Introduction 185
9.2 Biofuels 186
9.3 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds 191
9.4 Recent Developments in Algae Processing Technologies 195
9.5 Potential for Industrial Scale Production 200
9.6 Progresses in the Commercial Production of Alga-Based Biofuels 205
9.7 Perspectives 209
References 210
10 Advanced Fermentation Technologies: Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol by Organisms Other than Yeasts, a Case for Escherichia coli 219
K. T. Shanmugam, Lorraine P. Yomano, Sean W. York and Lonnie O. Ingram
10.1 Introduction 219
10.2 Zymomonas mobilis 222
10.3 Escherichia coli 223
10.4 Osmotic Stress of High Sugar Concentration 227
10.5 Inhibitor-Tolerant Ethanologenic E. coli 227
10.6 Engineering Bacterial Biocatalysts Other than E. coli for the Production of Ethanol Using the PDC/ADH Pathway 229
10.7 Ethanol Production by Non-PDC Pathways 230
10.8 Partition of Carbon at the Pyruvate Node 231
10.9 Other Metabolic Pathways that Contribute to Ethanol Production 231
10.10 Perspectives 232
Acknowledgements 232
References 233
11 Clostridia and Process Engineering for Energy Generation 239
Adriano P. Mariano, Danilo S. Braz, Henrique C. A. Venturelli and Nasib Qureshi
11.1 Introduction 239
11.2 Recent Technological Advances 241
11.3 Economic Modelling and Case Study 246
11.4 Perspectives 263
Acknowledgements 263
References 264
12 Fuel Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Materials Using Recombinant Yeasts 269
Stephen R. Hughes and Marjorie A. Jones
12.1 Review of Current Fuel Ethanol Production 269
12.2 Evolution of Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol Production 272
12.3 Technological Opportunities to Reduce Cellulosic Ethanol Production Costs 277
12.4 Perspectives: Approaches to Optimize the Use of Lignocellulosic and Waste Materials as Feedstocks 279
References 281
13 Enzymes for Cellulosic Biomass Hydrolysis and Saccharification 283
Elmar M. Villota, Ziyu Dai, Yanpin Lu and Bin Yang
13.1 Introduction 283
13.2 Glycosyl Hydrolases: General Structure and Mechanism 286
13.3 The Cellulase Enzyme System 289
13.4 The Hemicellulase Enzyme System 295
13.5 Microorganisms for Biomass Hydrolysis 299
13.6 Perspectives 308
Acknowledgement 309
References 309
14 Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals 327
Mairi J. Black, Onesmus Mwabonje, Aiduan Li Borrion and Aurelia Karina Hillary
14.1 Introduction 327
14.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 328
14.3 The Origin and Principles of Life Cycle Assessment 329
14.4 Developing a Life Cycle Assessment 329
14.5 Scope of the Life Cycle Assessment: Attributional verses Consequential 331
14.6 Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals 332
14.7 Feedstocks for Biofuels 332
14.8 Conversion of Feedstock 333
14.9 Supply Chain and Logistics 335
14.10 Using LCA as a Tool to Assess GHG Emissions and Other Impacts Associated with Bioethanol Production and Supply 335
14.11 Discussion on the Suitability of LCA 336
14.12 Perspectives: Moving Forward with the LCA Concept 348
References 349
Part III Hydrogen and Methane 355
15 Biotechnological Production of Fuel Hydrogen and Its Market Deployment 357
Carolina Zampol Lazaro, Emrah Sagir and Patrick C. Hallenbeck
15.1 Introduction 357
15.2 Hydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation 358
15.3 Hydrogen Production Through Photofermentation 370
15.4 Hydrogen Production by Combined Systems 370
15.5 Perspectives 379
Acknowledgements 383
References 383
16 Deployment of Biogas Production Technologies in Emerging Countries 395
Guangyin Zhen, Xueqin Lu, Xiaohui Wang, Shaojuan Zheng, Jianhui Wang, Zhongxiang Zhi, Lianghu Su, Kaiqin Xu, Takuro Kobayashi, Gopalakrishnan Kumar and Youcai Zhao
16.1 Introduction 395
16.2 Types of Feedstock 397
16.3 Pretreatment Technologies of Anaerobic Digestion Feedstocks 404
16.4 Full-scale Implementation Status of Anaerobic Digestion in Developing Countries 413
16.5 Perspectives 416
References 416
17 Hydrogen Production by Algae 425
Tunc Catal and Halil Kavakli
17.1 Importance of Hydrogen Production 425
17.2 Hydrogen Producing Microorganisms 427
17.3 Hydrogen Producing Algae (Macro-Micro) Species 428
17.4 Production of Biohydrogen Through Fermentation 431
17.5 Technologies (Solar Algae Fuel Cell/Microbial Fuel Cell) 433
17.6 Possibility of Commercial Production of Hydrogen 434
17.7 Perspectives and Future Implications of Algae in Biotechnology 437
References 438
18 Production and Utilization of Methane Biogas as Renewable Fuel 447
Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Jeyapraksh Damaraja, Sutha Shobana, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Sivagurunathan Periyasamy, Gunagyin Zhen and Gopalakrishnan Kumar
18.1 Introduction 447
18.2 Anaerobic Digestion 448
18.3 Mechanism of Anaerobic Digestion 449
18.4 Significant Factors Influencing Anaerobic Digestion 455
18.5 Strategies Applied to Enhance Microalgae Methane Biogas Production 456
18.6 Utilization of Methane Biogas as a Renewable Fuel 458
18.7 Perspectives 459
References 459
Part IV Perspectives 465
19 Integrated Biorefineries for the Production of Bioethanol, Biodiesel, and Other Commodity Chemicals 467
Pedro F Souza Filho and Mohammad J Taherzadeh
19.1 Introduction 467
19.2 Types of Biorefineries 468
19.3 Biorefinery Platforms 471
19.4 Integrated Biorefineries 472
19.5 Coproducts 475
19.6 Integrating Ethanol and Biodiesel Refineries 480
19.7 Economical Aspects 482
19.8 Perspectives 484
References 484
20 Lignocellulosic Crops as Sustainable Raw Materials for Bioenergy 489
Emiliano Maletta and Carlos Hernández Díaz-Ambrona
20.1 Introduction 489
20.2 Major Lignocellulosic Industrial Crops 492
20.3 Social, Economic and Environmental Aspects in Sustainability Criteria 498
20.4 Processing Alternatives for Lignocellulosic Bioenergy Crops 502
20.5 Filling the Gap: From Farm to Industry 503
20.6 Perspectives 506
References 508
21 Industrial Waste Valorization: Applications to the Case of Liquid Biofuels 515
Haibo Huang and Qing Jin
21.1 Introduction 515
21.2 Types of Industrial Waste for Biofuel Production 516
21.3 Ethanol Production 517
21.4 Butanol 523
21.5 Biodiesel 527
21.6 Perspectives 531
References 531
22 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention, Sustainable Energy Generation, and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Food Manufacturing Sector 539
Sandra D. Gaona, T.J. Pepping, Cheryl Keenan and Stephen C. DeVito
22.1 Introduction 539
22.2 Overview of the Food Manufacturing Industry 540
22.3 Chemicals and Chemical Wastes in the Food Manufacturing Industry 545
22.4 Pollution Prevention in Food Manufacturing 554
22.5 Perspectives 563
Disclaimer 564
References 564
23 Financing Strategies for Sustainable Bioenergy and the Commodity Chemicals Industry 569
Praveen V. Vadlani
23.1 The Current Financing Scenario at Global Level 569
23.2 Ethanol Biofuel Industry - An Overview 572
23.3 Bio-Based Industry - Current Status and Future Potential 577
23.4 Financing and Investment Strategy for Bio-Based Industries 579
23.5 Perspectives and Sustainable Financing Approach - Change in Wall Street Mindset in the Valuation of Bio-Based Industries 583
Acknowledgements 584
References 585
24 Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Sustainability as Forces of Change 587
Asutosh T. Yagnik
24.1 Introduction 587
24.2 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 587
24.3 From CSR to Corporate Sustainability 597
24.4 Perspectives 603
References 607
25 The Industrial World in the Twenty-First Century 613
Alain A. Vertès
25.1 Introduction: Energy and Sustainability 613
25.2 Transportation in the Twenty-First Century: A Carbon Tax Story 622
25.3 Cities of Change 627
25.4 The Chemical Industry Revisited 629
25.5 Paradigm Changes in Modes of Consumption 633
25.6 International Action for Curbing the Pollution of the Atmosphere Commons: The Case of CFCs and the Ozone Layer 634
25.7 Social Activism as an Engine of Change: Requiem for a Wonderful World 635
25.8 Perspectives: A Brave New World 636
References 639
Index 649
