Preface xix
Acknowledgement xxi
Part I: Microbial Pigment Sources and Diversity 1
1 Introduction to Microbial Colorants 3
Luqman Jameel Rather, Shazia Shaheen Mir and Zeenat Islam
1.1 Background and Significance 3
1.2 Classification of Microbial Pigments 5
1.3 Industrial Applications of Microbial Pigments 14
1.4 Conclusion 23
References 23
2 Bacterial Pigments: Diversity and Biosynthesis Pathways 33
Iqra Hakeem, Ayesha Ubaid, Mohan Kamthan, Mohammad Abid and Asghar Ali
2.1 Introduction 34
2.2 Diversity of Bacterial Pigments 35
2.3 Applications of Bacterial Pigments 44
2.4 Future Research 46
2.5 Conclusion 47
Acknowledgments 47
References 47
3 Fungal Pigments: A Sustainable Alternative to Synthetic Colors 51
Taiyaba Nimra Ansari, Sanjeeda Iqbal and Aastha Shrivastava
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 What are Fungal Pigments? 52
3.3 Why Fungal Pigments? 52
3.4 Source of Fungal Pigments 53
3.5 Extraction Methods of Fungal Pigments 65
3.6 Applications of Fungal Pigments 67
3.7 Limitations and Challenges 71
3.8 Mycotoxicity Testing 71
3.9 Conclusion 72
References 72
4 Algal and Cyanobacterial Colorants: From Chlorophyll to Phycocyanin 81
Tugce Mutaf-K¿l¿c and Suphi S. Oncel
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Microalgae Pigments 83
4.3 Production and Extraction Methodologies for Enhancement the Pigment Productivity 86
4.4 Industrial Applications and Market Trends of Microalgae Pigments 93
4.5 Sustainability of Microalgae Pigments and Future Perspectives 95
4.6 Conclusion 99
References 100
5 Nonconventional Microbial Sources-Yeast, Actinomycetes, Archaea 107
Shruthi Prakash H. P., Sangeetha Gowda K. R. and Sunil S. More
5.1 Introduction 108
5.2 Nonconventional Microbes 109
5.3 Nonconventional Hosts with Important Industrial Applications 117
5.4 Genetic Engineering Tools for Nonconventional Microbes 118
5.5 Software Packaging Tools for CRISPR Screen Evaluation 121
5.6 Comprehensive Understanding of Genetic Modification Tools on Microbial Nonconventional Platforms 122
5.7 Conclusion 124
References 125
Part II: Chemistry of Microbial Pigments 129
6 Introduction to Chemistry of Microbial Colorants: Structures, Properties, and Biosynthesis 131
P. Vitha Ramesh, Sangeetha Gowda K. R. and Sunil S. More
6.1 Introduction 132
6.2 Isoprenoid Pigments 132
6.3 Flavins 138
6.4 Tetrapyrrole-Containing Pigments 142
6.5 Alkaloid Pigments 148
6.6 Polyketide Pigments 156
6.7 Phenol-Containing Pigments 161
6.8 Melanins 162
6.9 Siderophores 164
6.10 Conclusion and Future Prospectives 169
References 169
7 Microbial Pigment Extraction and Purification Techniques 177
Mariana B. N. Alves and Jorge F. B. Pereira
7.1 Introduction 177
7.2 Solid-Liquid Extraction Techniques 178
7.3 Purification of Microbial Pigments 185
7.4 Polishing Operations 187
7.5 Conclusions 187
Declaration of Generative AI in Scientific Writing 188
Acknowledgements 188
References 188
8 Extraction and Purification of Microbial Pigments: Eco-Friendly Techniques and Applications 193
Gazi Farhan Ishraque Toki, Rony Mia and Rezaul Karim Khan Alave
8.1 Introduction 193
8.2 Classification of Microbial Pigments 195
8.3 Extraction Techniques 200
8.4 Purification Techniques 205
8.5 Applications 206
8.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 211
8.7 Conclusions 212
References 213
9 Chlorophylls: The Verdant World of Photosynthetic Pigments 223
Mohamed Mendili and Ayda Khadhri
9.1 Introduction 223
9.2 Photosynthesis Types 225
9.3 Photosynthetic Micro-Organisms 226
9.4 Structural Diversity of Chlorophyll 226
9.5 Bacteriochlorophylls (BChl) 230
9.6 Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Pathway 232
9.7 Enzymes Implicated in Chlorophyll Pathways 233
9.8 The Function of Chlorophylls in Microbes 233
9.9 Biotechnological Applications of Microbial Chlorophylls 234
9.10 Prospects for Research and Applications 235
9.11 Conclusion 235
References 236
10 Phycobiliproteins: Algal and Cyanobacterial Pigments Radiating Vivid Colors 241
Ajay Nair, Archana S. Rao, Bibi Ayesha, Hima A. Salu, Qurba Ashraf, Aisiri S. Hebbar, Yuktha K., Paras Khadyal, Poulamee S., Veena S. M. and Sunil S. More
10.1 Introduction 241
10.2 Phycobiliproteins- Types and the Structural Architecture 242
10.3 Biosynthesis of Phycobiliprotein 244
10.4 Phycobiliproteins: Production Modus Operandi 245
10.5 Applications of Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) 252
10.6 Conclusion 254
References 255
11 From Cells to Pigments: A Comprehensive Overview of Microbial Flavin Production and Applications of the Yellow Pigments 261
Shashwata Mainak, Nilendu Basak, Ankita Chatterjee, Ekramul Islam and Atif Aziz Chowdhury
11.1 Introduction 262
11.2 Sources of Natural Yellow Pigment 263
11.3 Biosynthesis of Microbial Yellow Pigment 264
11.4 Synthesis Optimization of Microbial Yellow Pigment 266
11.5 Applications of Yellow Pigment 267
11.6 Conclusion and Future Aspect 269
References 270
12 Polyketides: Complex Pigments From Microbes with Medicinal Potential 275
Poorniammal R., Prabhu S. and Dufossé L.
12.1 Introduction 275
12.2 Polyketide Biosynthesis 276
12.3 Polyketide Pigment from Insects 277
12.4 Polyketide Pigment from Microbes 277
12.5 Conclusion 283
References 283
13 Amino Acid-Derived Pigments: Microbial Mastery in Coloration 287
Taniya Roy, Nilendu Basak, Shashwata Mainak and Ekramul Islam
13.1 Introduction 288
13.2 Different Types of Amino Acid-Derived Pigments 288
13.3 Technical Challenges and Possible Solutions 297
13.4 Circular Economy and Waste Valorization 298
13.5 Conclusion 298
References 299
14 Cyclic Peptides and Betalains: Microbial Pigments Unveiling Nature's Structural Elegance and Colorful Palette 305
A Z M Mofasser, Md Imran Howlader, Md Mahbubul Alam, Nadim Ibn Sayed and Rony Mia
14.1 Introduction 305
14.2 Cyclic Peptides 306
14.3 Betalains 318
14.4 Elucidation Techniques for Determining Molecular Structure 325
14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 328
References 329
15 Indigoid Pigments: Unveiling the Blues and Violets of Microbial Artistry 345
A Z M Mofasser, Nadim Ibn Sayed, Md Imran Howlader and Rony Mia
15.1 Introduction 345
15.2 Chronicles of Discovery of Indigoid Pigments 346
15.3 Diversity of Indigoid Pigments 348
15.4 Characteristics of Indigoid Pigments 350
15.5 Sources of Natural Indigoid Pigments 350
15.6 Extraction Technique of Indigoid Pigment from Plant Sources 352
15.7 Biosynthesis of Indigoid Pigments 353
15.8 Applications and Uses 356
15.9 Challenges and Future Perspectives 358
15.10 Conclusion 359
References 359
Part III: Applications and Sustainable Impacts 367
16 Microbial Pigments in Cosmetics and Personal Care 369
Poorniammal R., Prabhu S., Jernisha J. and Dufossé L.
16.1 Introduction 370
16.2 Analysis of Current Market Trends in the Cosmetics Industry 370
16.3 The Impact of Synthetic Pigments on the Health of Cosmetics 371
16.4 Plant-Derived Pigments 372
16.5 Microbial-Derived Natural Pigments 373
16.6 Utilization of Microbial Pigments for Cosmetic Purposes 379
16.7 Conclusion 380
References 381
17 Microbial Pigments in Fashion, Art, and Packaging 385
Shahid Adeel, Zafer Ozomay, Meral Ozomay, Guzal Massadikova and Sidra Nasir
17.1 Introduction 385
17.2 Microbial Pigments 386
17.3 Use of Microbial Pigments in Fashion and Textile 388
17.4 Use of Microbial Pigments in Art 390
17.5 Use of Microbial Pigments in Packaging 390
17.6 Conclusions 391
References 391
18 Microbial Colorants for Eco-Friendly Textile Coloration 397
Alexandre M. S. Jorge and Jorge F. B. Pereira
18.1 Textile Industry Overview 398
18.2 Synthetic Dyes in Textile Dyeing and Printing 399
18.3 Potential of Microbial Colorants in Textile Dyeing 403
18.4 Potential of Microbial Colorants in Textile Printing 407
18.5 Emerging Dyeing and Printing Techniques 408
18.6 Final Remarks and Future Perspectives 410
Declaration of Generative AI in Scientific Writing 411
Acknowledgments 411
References 412
19 Microbial Colorants for Sustainable Dyeing and Printing of Textiles 417
Md. Mazharul Haque, Tamjida Islam, Iffat Ara Anannya, Noor-E-Farzana Annesha and Mohammad Tajul Islam
19.1 Introduction 417
19.2 Colorants Used in Textile Industry 419
19.3 Dyeing Procedure 423
19.4 Microbial Pigments in Textile Printing 434
19.5 Challenges and Opportunities for the Industrial Application of Microbial Pigments 441
19.6 Conclusion 442
References 442
20 Microbial Colorants in Technological Advancements: From Sensors to Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 447
Tamjida Islam, Iffat Ara Anannya, Yousuf Mahmud, Sayef Ahmed and Mohammad Tajul Islam
20.1 Introduction 447
20.2 Microbial Colorants in Colorimetric Sensors 448
20.3 Microbial Colorants in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 460
20.4 Conclusion 482
References 483
21 Microbiological Colorants in Fabrication of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Sensors 487
Manisha Sheoran
21.1 Introduction 488
21.2 Importance of Microbial Colorants 490
21.3 Literature Review 491
21.4 Conclusion 496
References 497
22 Environmental and Sustainability Aspects of Microbial Pigment Production 499
Noor-E-Farzana Annesha, Iffat Ara Anannya, Md. Mazharul Haque and Mohammad Tajul Islam
22.1 Introduction 499
22.2 Why it is Important to Consider Sustainability Aspects? 500
22.3 What Domains of Sustainability are to Consider? 502
22.4 Different Stages of Microbial Pigment Production and their Sustainable Aspects 505
22.5 Pigment from Plant vs Microorganisms 518
22.6 Life Cycle Assessment of Microbial Pigment Production 520
22.7 Different Sustainable Aspects of Microbial Pigment in Different Industries 522
22.8 Conclusion and Future Prosperity 525
References 527
Index 535
