Preface xvii
1 Cyber-Physical Human Systems: Overview, Fundamental Concepts and Perspectives 1
Anitha Velu, Raghu Ramamoorthy, R. China Appala Naidu and Rashad G. Abaszade
1.1 A Run-Through about Cyber-Physical Human Systems 2
1.2 Fundamental Concepts of CPHS 6
1.3 Key Features of CPHS 10
1.4 Application Areas of CPHS 12
1.5 Overview of the Book 16
1.6 Summary 17
2 Features, Characteristics, Architecture, and Future Potential of Cyber-Physical Human Systems 21
B. Srilatha, Raghu Ramamoorthy, Mary Francy Joseph and Anitha Velu
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Properties of Cyber-Physical Human Systems 22
2.3 Features of Cyber-Physical Human Systems 23
2.4 Architecture of Cyber-Physical Human Systems 26
2.5 Cyber Layer (Computational Intelligence) 27
2.6 The Role of Computational Intelligence 27
2.7 Architectural Frameworks 29
2.8 Physical Layer 30
2.9 Integration with the Cyber Layer 31
2.10 The Human Layer: Cognitive and Decision-Making Role 31
2.11 The Future Potential of Cyber-Physical Human Systems 33
2.12 Conclusion 35
3 Technological Aspects of Advanced Human-Machine Interface for Cyberphysical System Implementation 37
B. Srilatha, Anitha Velu, Thanka Saranya C. and Meghana Karri
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 HMI in Cyberphysical Human Systems 39
3.3 Technological Aspects of Advanced HMI for CPS 42
3.4 Enabling Technologies for Advanced HMI in CPS 53
3.5 Real-World Applications/Some Use Cases 64
3.6 Challenges 66
3.7 Conclusion 67
4 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Network for Intrusion Detection in Cyberphysical Human Systems 71
N. Sathish, P. Arul, V. Yokesh and Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj
4.1 Introduction 72
4.2 SCADA Networks in CPHS: Architecture and Functionality 74
4.3 Cybersecurity Threat Landscape for SCADA in CPHS 77
4.4 Intrusion Detection Systems for SCADA in CPHS 81
4.5 Advanced Defense Mechanisms in SCADA-Enabled CPHS 84
4.6 Integration with Cloud and Edge Environments 86
4.7 Human Factors and Usability in Intrusion Detection 88
4.8 Case Studies and Real-World Applications 91
4.9 Future Directions and Research Challenges in SCADA Security for CPHS 92
4.10 Conclusion and Summary 93
5 CPHS-IoT Models: A Hybrid Approach to Deal with Engineering Systems and Control Modules 97
L.K. Indumathi, Merugu Praveen Kumar, Sonal Bhide and P. Manjula
5.1 Introduction 98
5.2 Basics of CPHS and IoT 99
5.3 Hybrid CPHS-IoT Modeling Framework 102
5.4 Physical Layer in Hybrid CPHS-IoT Architecture 115
5.5 Communication Layer in Hybrid CPHS-IoT Architecture 118
5.6 Sensor Layer in CPHS-IoT Architecture 120
5.7 Implementation Strategies 122
5.8 Case Study of Smart Agriculture Using CPHS-IoT System 124
5.9 Advantages and Challenges 126
5.10 Conclusion 128
6 Training Deep Neural Networks for Spatiotemporal Cyberphysical Human Systems 131
N. Sathish, R. Nagaraj, P. Arul and Pham Chien Thang
6.1 Foundations of Spatiotemporal Cyberphysical Human Systems 132
6.2 Nature and Characteristics of Spatiotemporal Data 134
6.3 Deep Neural Network Architectures for CPHS 136
6.4 Architectures for Spatiotemporal Modeling 139
6.5 Training Deep Networks for CPHS 141
6.6 Edge and Real-Time Deployment Considerations 145Contents xi
6.7 Future Trends and Research Opportunities 148
6.8 Conclusion 150
7 Digital Twin-Driven Model Architecture for Cyberphysical Systems Toward the Development of Testbed 153
Asha Kumari Ablikatte, Prajwal Balakrishna, Saravana Kumar E. and P. Bindu Madhavi
7.1 Introduction 154
7.2 CPHS in the Present Era 160
7.3 Digital Twin Test Beds 165
7.4 Experimental Scenarios 171
7.5 Conclusion 173
7.6 Future Scope 173
8 A Holistic Review of Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of Emerging Cyberphysical Human Systems 179
Bhuvana B. P., Bharathi Raju, V. Yokesh and Ahmed A. Elngar
8.1 Introduction 180
8.2 Ethical Consideration for CPS 180
8.3 Legal Implications of CPS 190
8.4 Social Implications of Cyberphysical Systems 198
8.5 Conclusion 205
9 Addressing Challenges and Issues in Data Privacy and Cyberphysical Security Systems in Real-World Implementation 209
Lekshmi A. C., Koppala Guravaiah and Shashidhara R.
9.1 Introduction 210
9.2 Architectural Framework of CPHS 210
9.3 Data Privacy in CPHS 213
9.4 Cyberphysical Security Systems 218
9.5 CPHS Risk Evaluation 223Contents xiii
9.6 Future Directions and Recommendations 224
9.7 Conclusion 225
10 Mist and Edge Computing Cyberphysical Human-Centered Systems for Industry 5.0 Application 229
Prajwal B., Raghu Ramamoorthy, Anitha Velu and P. Bindhu Madhavi
10.1 Introduction 230
10.2 Edge Computing 234
10.3 Mist Computing 234
10.4 Mist, Edge, and Cloud Computing in Industry 5.0 234
10.5 Cyberphysical Human-Centered Systems 238
10.6 Conclusion 245
11 An Intelligent Cyberphysical System Threat Detection for Secured Communication in 6G Autonomous Vehicle Networks 249
N. Sathish, A. Prasanth, V. Yokesh and Afizan Bin Azman
11.1 Cyberphysical Systems in 6G Autonomous Vehicle Networks 250
11.2 Security Challenges in 6G-Enabled CPS for Autonomous Vehicles 253
11.3 Real-Time and Distributed Threat Dynamics 256
11.4 Intelligent Threat Detection Framework 257
11.5 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Threat Detection 260
11.6 Emerging Technologies for Secure Communication 262
11.7 Integration of Intelligent Systems in 6G Autonomous Networks 264
11.8 Challenges and Future Research Directions 266
11.9 Conclusion 268
12 Case Study on Cyberphysical Human Systems for Safe Human-Robot Collaboration in a Shared Workplace 271
H. Nishanthi, P. Divya Prabha, N. Nandhine Shree and Raffaele Mascella
12.1 A Run through of Human-Robot Interaction 272
12.2 Challenges of HMI 273
12.3 Importance of Safe Human-Robot Collaboration 275
12.4 Types of Robots Used in Collaborative Setup 276
12.5 System Architecture of Cyberphysical Human System 277
12.6 Sensors and Perception Systems for Human Detection 280
12.7 Human-Robot Interaction Models and Strategies 281
12.8 Implementation 283
12.9 Risk Assessment and Hazard Mitigation Techniques 284
12.10 Machine Learning and AI Integration for Dynamic Decision-Making 286
12.11 Challenges and Lessons Learned from Implementation 287
12.12 Test Cases of CPHS with HMI 289
12.13 Conclusion 290
13 Medical Cyberphysical Systems: A Solution to Smart Health Using Flexible Sensors and Devices 293
Prema S. and G. Krishnapriya
13.1 Introduction 294
13.2 Background on MCPSs and Smart Health for the Elderly 294
13.3 System Architecture of Smart Medical Cyberphysical Systems Framework 295
13.4 Smart Health Solutions Using MCPSs and Emerging Trends 297
13.5 Benefits and Applications of MCPSs in Health Optimization 306
13.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 306
References 307
Index 309
