Section 1: Background
Introduction
Chapter 1: Historical Background
Chapter 2: Transfusion Medicine
Chapter 3: Regulatory Perspectives on Clinical Trials for Oxygen Therapeutics in Trauma and Transfusion Practice
Section 2: Physiological Basis
Introduction
Chapter 4: Clinical Physiology: Oxygen Transport and the Transfusion Trigger
Chapter 5: The Role of Oxygen and Hemoglobin Diffusion in Oxygen Transport by Cell-free Hemoglobins
Chapter 6: Oxygen Transport Properties of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers: Studies using Artificial Capillaries and Mathematical Simulation
Chapter 7: Mechanisms of Oxygen Transport in the Microcirculation: Effects of Cell-Free Oxygen Carriers
Chapter 8: Shear Stress Mechanotransduction and the Flow Properties of Blood
Chapter 9: Local Regulation of Blood Flow
Section 3: Clinical Applications
Introduction
Chapter 10: Clinical Indications for Blood Substitutes and Optimal Properties
Chapter 11: Crystalloid Solutions
Chapter 12: Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers as Resuscitative Solutions for Trauma and Combat Casualty Care
Chapter 13: Surgical Hemorrhage
Chapter 14: Clinical Trials in Cardiac Surgery
Chapter 15: Hemodilution
Chapter 16: Clinical Hemodilution
Chapter 17: Potential for Blood Substitutes in Tissue Ischemia
Section 4: Toxicity and Side Effects
Introduction
Chapter 18: Redox and Radical Reactions of Hemoglobin Solutions: Toxicities and Protective Strategies
Chapter 19: Pro-Oxidant Activity of Hemoglobin and Endothelial Cytotoxicity
Chapter 20: Renal Toxicity
Chapter 21: Hemoglobin and Neurotoxicity
Chapter 22: The Role of Inflammation in the Toxicity of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers
Chapter 23: Hemoglobin-Induced Myocardial Lesions
Section 5: Perfluorocarbon-Based Oxygen Carriers
Introduction
Chapter 24: Fluorocarbon Emulsions as in vivo Oxygen Delivery Systems: Background and Chemistry
Chapter 25: Fluosol®: The First Commercial Injectable Perfluorocarbon Oxygen Carrier
Chapter 26: Perftoran®
Chapter 27: Rational Development of Oxyfluor(TM)
Chapter 28: Oxygent(TM), a Perfluorochemical-Based Oxygen Therapeutic for Surgical Patients
Section 6: Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers
Introduction
Chapter 29: The Structural and Functional Properties of Hemoglobin and their Relevance for a Hemoglobin-Based Blood Substitute
Chapter 30: Hemoglobin Modification
Chapter 31: Designing Recombinant Hemoglobin for Use as a Blood Substitute
Chapter 32: Design, Conformational, Functional and Physiological Characterization of Recombinant Polymeric Heme-Proteins
Chapter 33: ¿¿-Crosslinked Hemoglobin
Chapter 34: DCLHb and rHb1.1
Chapter 35: Clinical Studies with DCLHb
Chapter 36: Hemopure® (HBOC-201, Hemoglobin Glutamer-250 (Bovine)): Preclinical Studies
Chapter 37: HBOC-201 (Hemoglobin Glutamer-250 (Bovine), Hemopure®): Clinical Studies
Chapter 38: Polyhemoglobin-Enzymes as New-Generation Blood Substitutes and Oxygen Therapeutics
Chapter 39: Surface Decoration of Hemoglobin with Polyethylene Glycol
Chapter 40: Hemospan® (MP4), A Human Hemoglobin Modified with Maleimide-Polyethylene Glycol
Chapter 41: Dextran-Hemoglobin
Chapter 42: Development of Non-Extravasating Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers
Section 7: Liposomes and Related Products
Introduction
Chapter 43: Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin: History, Preparation and Evaluation
Chapter 44: Hemoglobin Vesicles as a Molecular Assembly: Characteristics of Preparation Process and Performances as Artificial Oxygen Carriers
Chapter 45: Nanodimension Biodegradable Polymeric Membrane Artificial Red Blood Cells
Chapter 46: Albumin-Heme: A Synthetic Heme-Based Oxygen Carrier